diff --git a/doc/src/common/dacite_patch.py b/doc/src/common/dacite_patch.py
index 5cffd601..ba1293a9 100644
--- a/doc/src/common/dacite_patch.py
+++ b/doc/src/common/dacite_patch.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from typing import (
     ClassVar,
     Collection,
     Mapping,
-    Type,
     TypeVar,
     get_args,
     get_origin,
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ class UnionSkip(Exception):
     match their type."""
 
 
-def handle_metadata(data_class: Type[Any], data: dict[str, Any]):
+def handle_metadata(data_class: type[Any], data: dict[str, Any]):
     """Applies our custom metadata. Currently this just renames fields."""
     # only transform a dict once, in case this is called multiple times
     data = data.copy()
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def handle_metadata(data_class: Type[Any], data: dict[str, Any]):
     return data
 
 
-def handle_metadata_final(data_class: Type[Any], data: dict[str, Any]):
+def handle_metadata_final(data_class: type[Any], data: dict[str, Any]):
     """As `handle_metadata`, but removes the key marking data as handled.
 
     Should only be used within a custom from_dict implementation.
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ def handle_metadata_final(data_class: Type[Any], data: dict[str, Any]):
     return data
 
 
-def _patched_build_value(type_: Type[Any], data: Any, config: Config) -> Any:
+def _patched_build_value(type_: type[Any], data: Any, config: Config) -> Any:
     if type_ not in config.type_hooks:
         origin = get_origin(type_)
         if origin and origin in config.type_hooks:
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ def _patched_build_value(type_: Type[Any], data: Any, config: Config) -> Any:
 # workaround for https://github.com/konradhalas/dacite/issues/218
 # this code is, like, really bad. but to be fair dacite's isn't a whole lot better
 # and as long as it works, does it really matter?
-def _patched_build_value_for_union(union: Type[Any], data: Any, config: Config) -> Any:
+def _patched_build_value_for_union(union: type[Any], data: Any, config: Config) -> Any:
     types = extract_generic(union)
     if is_optional(union) and len(types) == 2:
         return _patched_build_value(type_=types[0], data=data, config=config)
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ def _patched_build_value_for_union(union: Type[Any], data: Any, config: Config)
 
 # fixes https://github.com/konradhalas/dacite/issues/217
 def _patched_build_value_for_collection(
-    collection: Type[Any], data: Any, config: Config
+    collection: type[Any], data: Any, config: Config
 ) -> Any:
     data_type = data.__class__
     if isinstance(data, Mapping) and is_subclass(collection, Mapping):
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ _T = TypeVar("_T")
 
 
 def _patched_from_dict(
-    data_class: Type[_T],
+    data_class: type[_T],
     data: Data,
     config: Config | None = None,
 ) -> _T:
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ def _patched_from_dict(
     return _original_from_dict(data_class, data, config)
 
 
-def _patched_is_valid_generic_class(value: Any, type_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+def _patched_is_valid_generic_class(value: Any, type_: type[Any]) -> bool:
     origin = get_origin(type_)
     if not (origin and isinstance(value, origin)):
         return False
diff --git a/doc/src/common/deserialize.py b/doc/src/common/deserialize.py
index 890f770a..4c17840b 100644
--- a/doc/src/common/deserialize.py
+++ b/doc/src/common/deserialize.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 from common import dacite_patch as _  # isort: skip
 
 import json
+import tomllib
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, Type, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar
 
-import tomllib
 from dacite import Config, from_dict
 
 from common.dacite_patch import handle_metadata
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _T_Dataclass = TypeVar("_T_Dataclass")
 
 TypeHook = Callable[[_T_Dataclass | Any], _T_Dataclass | dict[str, Any]]
 
-TypeHooks = dict[Type[_T_Dataclass], TypeHook[_T_Dataclass]]
+TypeHooks = dict[type[_T_Dataclass], TypeHook[_T_Dataclass]]
 
 TypeHookMaker = Callable[[_T_Input], TypeHooks[_T_Dataclass]]
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def load_json_object(path: Path) -> JSONDict:
 
 
 def load_json_data(
-    data_class: Type[Any],
+    data_class: type[Any],
     path: Path,
     extra_data: dict[str, Any] = {},
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -71,14 +71,14 @@ def load_json_data(
     return handle_metadata(data_class, data) | extra_data
 
 
-def load_toml_data(data_class: Type[Any], path: Path) -> TOMLDict:
+def load_toml_data(data_class: type[Any], path: Path) -> TOMLDict:
     data = tomllib.loads(path.read_text("utf-8"))
     fill_placeholders(data)
     return handle_metadata(data_class, data)
 
 
 def from_dict_checked(
-    data_class: Type[_T_Dataclass],
+    data_class: type[_T_Dataclass],
     data: dict[str, Any],
     config: TypedConfig,
     path: Path | None = None,
diff --git a/doc/src/common/tagged_union.py b/doc/src/common/tagged_union.py
index 9e14df50..b064a0b4 100644
--- a/doc/src/common/tagged_union.py
+++ b/doc/src/common/tagged_union.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Self, Type
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Self
 
 from dacite import StrictUnionMatchError, UnionMatchError, from_dict
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from common.types import isinstance_or_raise
 
 
 class WrongTag(UnionSkip):
-    def __init__(self, union_type: Type[InternallyTaggedUnion], tag_value: str) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, union_type: type[InternallyTaggedUnion], tag_value: str) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             f"Expected {union_type._tag_key}={union_type._expected_tag_value}, got {tag_value}"
         )
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class InternallyTaggedUnion(ABC):
 
     _tag_key: ClassVar[str | None] = None
     _expected_tag_value: ClassVar[str | None] = None
-    _all_union_types: ClassVar[list[Type[Self]]]
-    _concrete_union_types: ClassVar[defaultdict[str, list[Type[Self]]]]
+    _all_union_types: ClassVar[list[type[Self]]]
+    _concrete_union_types: ClassVar[defaultdict[str, list[type[Self]]]]
 
     def __init_subclass__(cls, tag: str | None, value: str | None) -> None:
         cls._tag_key = tag
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class InternallyTaggedUnion(ABC):
                     base._concrete_union_types[value].append(cls)
 
     @classmethod
-    def _union_bases(cls) -> list[Type[InternallyTaggedUnion]]:
-        union_bases: list[Type[InternallyTaggedUnion]] = []
+    def _union_bases(cls) -> list[type[InternallyTaggedUnion]]:
+        union_bases: list[type[InternallyTaggedUnion]] = []
         for base in cls.__bases__:
             if (
                 issubclass(base, InternallyTaggedUnion)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class InternallyTaggedUnion(ABC):
 
         # try all the types
         exceptions: list[Exception] = []
-        union_matches: dict[Type[InternallyTaggedUnion], InternallyTaggedUnion] = {}
+        union_matches: dict[type[InternallyTaggedUnion], InternallyTaggedUnion] = {}
 
         for inner_type in tag_types:
             try:
diff --git a/doc/src/common/types.py b/doc/src/common/types.py
index 7951a9bd..c2c29bd2 100644
--- a/doc/src/common/types.py
+++ b/doc/src/common/types.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import string
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Mapping, Protocol, Self, Type, TypeGuard, TypeVar, get_origin
+from typing import Any, Mapping, Protocol, Self, TypeGuard, TypeVar, get_origin
 
 JSONDict = dict[str, "JSONValue"]
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ _DEFAULT_MESSAGE = "Expected any of {expected}, got {actual}: {value}"
 # there may well be a better way to do this but i don't know what it is
 def isinstance_or_raise(
     val: Any,
-    class_or_tuple: Type[_T] | tuple[Type[_T], ...],
+    class_or_tuple: type[_T] | tuple[type[_T], ...],
     message: str = _DEFAULT_MESSAGE,
 ) -> TypeGuard[_T]:
     """Usage: `assert isinstance_or_raise(val, str)`
diff --git a/doc/src/patchouli/state.py b/doc/src/patchouli/state.py
index cf84bd59..0ded7b64 100644
--- a/doc/src/patchouli/state.py
+++ b/doc/src/patchouli/state.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, Self, Type, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, Self, TypeVar
 
 from common.deserialize import (
     TypedConfig,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class BookState:
 
     def add_stateful_unions(
         self,
-        *unions: Type[StatefulInternallyTaggedUnion[Self]],
+        *unions: type[StatefulInternallyTaggedUnion[Self]],
     ):
         for union in unions:
             self._type_hooks |= union.make_type_hooks(self) | {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class StatefulInternallyTaggedUnion(
     value=None,
 ):
     # set by InternallyTaggedUnion, but we need the type hint here
-    _all_union_types: ClassVar[list[Type[Self]]]
+    _all_union_types: ClassVar[list[type[Self]]]
 
     @classmethod
     def resolve_union_with_state(