construct/ircd/db.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2016 Charybdis Development Team
 * Copyright (C) 2016 Jason Volk <jason@zemos.net>
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
 * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 * copyright notice and this permission notice is present in all copies.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
 * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
 * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
 * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
 * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 */

#include <rocksdb/version.h>
#include <rocksdb/db.h>
#include <rocksdb/cache.h>
#include <rocksdb/comparator.h>
#include <rocksdb/merge_operator.h>
#include <rocksdb/perf_level.h>
#include <rocksdb/perf_context.h>
#include <rocksdb/listener.h>
#include <rocksdb/statistics.h>
#include <rocksdb/convenience.h>
#include <rocksdb/env.h>
#include <rocksdb/slice_transform.h>

#include <ircd/m.h>

namespace ircd::db
{
	const auto BLOCKING = rocksdb::ReadTier::kReadAllTier;
	const auto NON_BLOCKING = rocksdb::ReadTier::kBlockCacheTier;
	const auto DEFAULT_READAHEAD = 4_MiB;

	struct throw_on_error;

	const std::string &reflect(const rocksdb::Tickers &);
	const std::string &reflect(const rocksdb::Histograms &);
	rocksdb::Slice slice(const string_view &);
	string_view slice(const rocksdb::Slice &);

	// Frequently used get options and set options are separate from the string/map system
	rocksdb::WriteOptions make_opts(const sopts &);
	rocksdb::ReadOptions make_opts(const gopts &, const bool &iterator = false);
	bool optstr_find_and_remove(std::string &optstr, const std::string &what);
	rocksdb::DBOptions make_dbopts(std::string &optstr, bool *read_only = nullptr, bool *fsck = nullptr);
	template<class... args> rocksdb::DBOptions make_dbopts(const std::string &, args&&...);

	// Validation functors
	bool valid(const rocksdb::Iterator &);
	bool operator!(const rocksdb::Iterator &);
	using valid_proffer = std::function<bool (const rocksdb::Iterator &)>;
	bool valid(const rocksdb::Iterator &, const valid_proffer &);
	bool valid_eq(const rocksdb::Iterator &, const string_view &);
	bool valid_lte(const rocksdb::Iterator &, const string_view &);
	bool valid_gt(const rocksdb::Iterator &, const string_view &);
	void valid_or_throw(const rocksdb::Iterator &);
	void valid_eq_or_throw(const rocksdb::Iterator &, const string_view &);

	// [GET] seek suite
	template<class pos> bool seek(database::column &, const pos &, rocksdb::ReadOptions &, std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> &it);
	template<class pos> bool seek(database::column &, const pos &, const gopts &, std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> &it);
	std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> seek(column &, const gopts &);
	std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> seek(column &, const string_view &key, const gopts &);
	std::vector<row::value_type> seek(database &, const gopts &);

	std::pair<string_view, string_view> operator*(const rocksdb::Iterator &);

	// [SET] writebatch suite
	std::string debug(const rocksdb::WriteBatch &);
	bool has(const rocksdb::WriteBatch &, const op &);
	void commit(database &, rocksdb::WriteBatch &, const rocksdb::WriteOptions &);
	void commit(database &, rocksdb::WriteBatch &, const sopts &);
	void append(rocksdb::WriteBatch &, column &, const column::delta &delta);
	void append(rocksdb::WriteBatch &, const cell::delta &delta);

	std::vector<std::string> column_names(const std::string &path, const rocksdb::DBOptions &);
	std::vector<std::string> column_names(const std::string &path, const std::string &options);
}

struct ircd::db::database::logs
:std::enable_shared_from_this<struct database::logs>
,rocksdb::Logger
{
	database *d;

	// Logger
	void Logv(const rocksdb::InfoLogLevel level, const char *fmt, va_list ap) override;
	void Logv(const char *fmt, va_list ap) override;
	void LogHeader(const char *fmt, va_list ap) override;

	logs(database *const &d)
	:d{d}
	{}
};

struct ircd::db::database::stats
:std::enable_shared_from_this<struct ircd::db::database::stats>
,rocksdb::Statistics
{
	database *d;
	std::array<uint64_t, rocksdb::TICKER_ENUM_MAX> ticker {{0}};
	std::array<rocksdb::HistogramData, rocksdb::HISTOGRAM_ENUM_MAX> histogram;

	uint64_t getTickerCount(const uint32_t tickerType) const override;
	void recordTick(const uint32_t tickerType, const uint64_t count) override;
	void setTickerCount(const uint32_t tickerType, const uint64_t count) override;
	void histogramData(const uint32_t type, rocksdb::HistogramData *) const override;
	void measureTime(const uint32_t histogramType, const uint64_t time) override;
	bool HistEnabledForType(const uint32_t type) const override;
	uint64_t getAndResetTickerCount(const uint32_t tickerType) override;

	stats(database *const &d)
	:d{d}
	{}
};

struct ircd::db::database::events
:std::enable_shared_from_this<struct ircd::db::database::events>
,rocksdb::EventListener
{
	database *d;

	void OnFlushCompleted(rocksdb::DB *, const rocksdb::FlushJobInfo &) override;
	void OnCompactionCompleted(rocksdb::DB *, const rocksdb::CompactionJobInfo &) override;
	void OnTableFileDeleted(const rocksdb::TableFileDeletionInfo &) override;
	void OnTableFileCreated(const rocksdb::TableFileCreationInfo &) override;
	void OnTableFileCreationStarted(const rocksdb::TableFileCreationBriefInfo &) override;
	void OnMemTableSealed(const rocksdb::MemTableInfo &) override;
	void OnColumnFamilyHandleDeletionStarted(rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *) override;

	events(database *const &d)
	:d{d}
	{}
};

struct ircd::db::database::mergeop
:std::enable_shared_from_this<struct ircd::db::database::mergeop>
,rocksdb::AssociativeMergeOperator
{
	database *d;
	merge_closure merger;

	bool Merge(const rocksdb::Slice &, const rocksdb::Slice *, const rocksdb::Slice &, std::string *, rocksdb::Logger *) const override;
	const char *Name() const override;

	mergeop(database *const &d, merge_closure merger = nullptr)
	:d{d}
	,merger{merger? std::move(merger) : ircd::db::merge_operator}
	{}
};

struct ircd::db::database::comparator
:rocksdb::Comparator
{
	using Slice = rocksdb::Slice;

	database *d;
	db::comparator user;

	void FindShortestSeparator(std::string *start, const Slice &limit) const override;
	void FindShortSuccessor(std::string *key) const override;
	int Compare(const Slice &a, const Slice &b) const override;
	bool Equal(const Slice &a, const Slice &b) const override;
	const char *Name() const override;

	comparator(database *const &d, db::comparator user)
	:d{d}
	,user{std::move(user)}
	{}
};

struct ircd::db::database::prefix_transform
:rocksdb::SliceTransform
{
	using Slice = rocksdb::Slice;

	database *d;
	db::prefix_transform user;

	const char *Name() const override;
	bool InDomain(const Slice &key) const override;
	bool InRange(const Slice &key) const override;
	Slice Transform(const Slice &key) const override;

	prefix_transform(database *const &d, db::prefix_transform user)
	:d{d}
	,user{std::move(user)}
	{}
};

struct ircd::db::database::column
:std::enable_shared_from_this<database::column>
,rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor
{
	database *d;
	std::type_index key_type;
	std::type_index mapped_type;
	database::descriptor descriptor;
	comparator cmp;
	prefix_transform prefix;
	custom_ptr<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle> handle;

  public:
	operator const rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions &();
	operator const rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *() const;
	operator const database &() const;

	operator rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions &();
	operator rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *();
	operator database &();

	explicit column(database *const &d, const database::descriptor &);
	column() = delete;
	column(column &&) = delete;
	column(const column &) = delete;
	column &operator=(column &&) = delete;
	column &operator=(const column &) = delete;
	~column() noexcept;

	friend void flush(column &, const bool &blocking);
};

struct ircd::db::throw_on_error
{
	throw_on_error(const rocksdb::Status & = rocksdb::Status::OK());
};

ircd::log::log ircd::db::log
{
	// Dedicated logging facility for the database subsystem
	"db", 'D'
};

std::map<ircd::string_view, ircd::db::database *>
ircd::db::database::dbs
{};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// init
//

namespace ircd::db
{
	static void init_directory();
	static void init_version();
}

static char ircd_db_version[64];
const char *const ircd::db::version(ircd_db_version);

// Renders a version string from the defines included here.
__attribute__((constructor))
static void
ircd::db::init_version()
{
	snprintf(ircd_db_version, sizeof(ircd_db_version), "%d.%d.%d",
	         ROCKSDB_MAJOR,
	         ROCKSDB_MINOR,
	         ROCKSDB_PATCH);
}

static void
ircd::db::init_directory()
try
{
	const auto dbdir(fs::get(fs::DB));
	if(fs::mkdir(dbdir))
		log.warning("Created new database directory at `%s'", dbdir);
	else
		log.info("Using database directory at `%s'", dbdir);
}
catch(const fs::error &e)
{
	log.error("Cannot start database system: %s", e.what());
	if(ircd::debugmode)
		throw;
}

ircd::db::init::init()
{
	init_directory();
}

ircd::db::init::~init()
noexcept
{
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database
//

void
ircd::db::sync(database &d)
{
	throw_on_error
	{
		d.d->SyncWAL()
	};
}

uint64_t
ircd::db::sequence(const database &d)
{
	return d.d->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
}

template<>
uint64_t
ircd::db::property(database &d,
                   const string_view &name)
{
	uint64_t ret;
	if(!d.d->GetAggregatedIntProperty(slice(name), &ret))
		ret = 0;

	return ret;
}

std::shared_ptr<ircd::db::database::column>
ircd::db::shared_from(database::column &column)
{
	return column.shared_from_this();
}

std::shared_ptr<const ircd::db::database::column>
ircd::db::shared_from(const database::column &column)
{
	return column.shared_from_this();
}

//
// database
//
namespace ircd::db
{
	database::description default_description;
}

ircd::db::database::database(std::string name,
                             std::string optstr)
:database
{
	std::move(name), std::move(optstr), default_description
}
{
}

ircd::db::database::database(std::string name,
                             std::string optstr,
                             description description)
try
:name
{
	std::move(name)
}
,path
{
	db::path(this->name)
}
,optstr
{
	std::move(optstr)
}
,logs
{
	std::make_shared<struct logs>(this)
}
,stats
{
	std::make_shared<struct stats>(this)
}
,events
{
	std::make_shared<struct events>(this)
}
,mergeop
{
	std::make_shared<struct mergeop>(this)
}
,cache{[this]
() -> std::shared_ptr<rocksdb::Cache>
{
	//TODO: XXX
	const auto lru_cache_size{64_MiB};
	return rocksdb::NewLRUCache(lru_cache_size);
}()}
,column_names{[this, &description]
{
	// Existing columns
	const auto opts(make_dbopts(std::string(this->optstr)));

	std::set<std::string> existing;
	for(auto &column_name : db::column_names(path, opts))
		existing.emplace(std::move(column_name));

	decltype(this->column_names) ret;
	for(const auto &descriptor : description)
	{
		existing.erase(descriptor.name);
		ret.emplace(descriptor.name, -1);
	}

	for(const auto &remain : existing)
		throw error("Failed to describe existing column '%s'", remain);

	return ret;
}()}
,d{[this, &description]
{
	bool fsck{false};
	bool read_only{false};
	auto opts(make_dbopts(this->optstr, &read_only, &fsck));

	// Setup sundry
	opts.create_if_missing = true;
	opts.create_missing_column_families = true;
	opts.max_file_opening_threads = 0;
	//opts.use_fsync = true;

	// Setup logging
	logs->SetInfoLogLevel(ircd::debugmode? rocksdb::DEBUG_LEVEL : rocksdb::WARN_LEVEL);
	opts.info_log_level = logs->GetInfoLogLevel();
	opts.info_log = logs;

	// Setup event and statistics callbacks
	opts.listeners.emplace_back(this->events);
	//opts.statistics = this->stats;              // broken?

	// Setup performance metric options
	//rocksdb::SetPerfLevel(rocksdb::PerfLevel::kDisable);

	// Setup journal recovery options
	//opts.wal_recovery_mode = rocksdb::WALRecoveryMode::kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords;
	//opts.wal_recovery_mode = rocksdb::WALRecoveryMode::kAbsoluteConsistency;
	opts.wal_recovery_mode = rocksdb::WALRecoveryMode::kPointInTimeRecovery;

	// Setup cache
	opts.row_cache = this->cache;

	// Setup column families
	for(const auto &desc : description)
	{
		const auto c
		{
			std::make_shared<column>(this, desc)
		};

		columns.emplace_back(c);
	}

	std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *> handles;
	std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor> columns(this->columns.size());
	std::transform(begin(this->columns), end(this->columns), begin(columns), []
	(const auto &column)
	{
		return static_cast<const rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor &>(*column);
	});

	if(fsck && fs::is_dir(path))
	{
		log.info("Checking database @ `%s' columns[%zu]",
		         path,
		         columns.size());

		throw_on_error
		{
			rocksdb::RepairDB(path, opts, columns)
		};

		log.info("Database @ `%s' check complete",
		         path,
		         columns.size());
	}

	// Announce attempt before usual point where exceptions are thrown
	log.debug("Opening database \"%s\" @ `%s' columns[%zu]",
	          this->name,
	          path,
	          columns.size());

	// Open DB into ptr
	rocksdb::DB *ptr;
	if(read_only)
		throw_on_error
		{
			rocksdb::DB::OpenForReadOnly(opts, path, columns, &handles, &ptr)
		};
	else
		throw_on_error
		{
			rocksdb::DB::Open(opts, path, columns, &handles, &ptr)
		};

	for(const auto &handle : handles)
	{
		this->columns.at(handle->GetID())->handle.reset(handle);
		this->column_names.at(handle->GetName()) = handle->GetID();
	}

	for(size_t i(0); i < this->columns.size(); ++i)
		if(db::id(*this->columns[i]) != i)
			throw error("Columns misaligned: expecting id[%zd] got id[%u] '%s'",
			            i,
			            db::id(*this->columns[i]),
			            db::name(*this->columns[i]));

	return custom_ptr<rocksdb::DB>
	{
		ptr, [this](rocksdb::DB *const d) noexcept
		{
			sync(*this);
			this->columns.clear();
			log.debug("'%s': closed columns; synchronizing to hardware...",
			          this->name);

			const auto sequence
			{
				d->GetLatestSequenceNumber()
			};

			delete d;
			log.info("'%s': closed database @ `%s' at sequence number %lu.",
			         this->name,
			         this->path,
			         sequence);
		}
	};
}()}
,dbs_it
{
	dbs, dbs.emplace(string_view{this->name}, this).first
}
{
	log.info("'%s': Opened database @ `%s' with %zu columns at sequence number %lu.",
	         this->name,
	         path,
	         columns.size(),
	         d->GetLatestSequenceNumber());
}
catch(const std::exception &e)
{
	throw error("Failed to open db '%s': %s",
	            this->name,
	            e.what());
}

ircd::db::database::~database()
noexcept
{
	//rocksdb::CancelAllBackgroundWork(d, true);    // true = blocking
	//throw_on_error(d->PauseBackgroundWork());
	const auto background_errors
	{
		property<uint64_t>(*this, rocksdb::DB::Properties::kBackgroundErrors)
	};

	log.debug("'%s': closing database @ `%s' (background errors: %lu)",
	          name,
	          path,
	          background_errors);
}

void
ircd::db::database::operator()(const delta &delta)
{
	operator()(sopts{}, delta);
}

void
ircd::db::database::operator()(const std::initializer_list<delta> &deltas)
{
	operator()(sopts{}, deltas);
}

void
ircd::db::database::operator()(const delta *const &begin,
                               const delta *const &end)
{
	operator()(sopts{}, begin, end);
}

void
ircd::db::database::operator()(const sopts &sopts,
                               const delta &delta)
{
	operator()(sopts, &delta, &delta + 1);
}

void
ircd::db::database::operator()(const sopts &sopts,
                               const std::initializer_list<delta> &deltas)
{
	operator()(sopts, std::begin(deltas), std::end(deltas));
}

void
ircd::db::database::operator()(const sopts &sopts,
                               const delta *const &begin,
                               const delta *const &end)
{
	rocksdb::WriteBatch batch;
	std::for_each(begin, end, [this, &batch]
	(const delta &delta)
	{
		const auto &op(std::get<op>(delta));
		const auto &col(std::get<1>(delta));
		const auto &key(std::get<2>(delta));
		const auto &val(std::get<3>(delta));
		db::column column(operator[](col));
		append(batch, column, db::column::delta
		{
			op,
			key,
			val
		});
	});

	commit(*this, batch, sopts);
}

ircd::db::database::column &
ircd::db::database::operator[](const string_view &name)
{
	const auto it{column_names.find(name)};
	if(unlikely(it == std::end(column_names)))
		throw schema_error("'%s': column '%s' is not available or specified in schema",
		                   this->name,
		                   name);

	return operator[](it->second);
}

ircd::db::database::column &
ircd::db::database::operator[](const uint32_t &id)
try
{
	return *columns.at(id);
}
catch(const std::out_of_range &e)
{
	throw schema_error("'%s': column id[%u] is not available or specified in schema",
	                   this->name,
	                   id);
}

const ircd::db::database::column &
ircd::db::database::operator[](const string_view &name)
const
{
	const auto it{column_names.find(name)};
	if(unlikely(it == std::end(column_names)))
		throw schema_error("'%s': column '%s' is not available or specified in schema",
		                   this->name,
		                   name);

	return operator[](it->second);
}

const ircd::db::database::column &
ircd::db::database::operator[](const uint32_t &id)
const try
{
	return *columns.at(id);
}
catch(const std::out_of_range &e)
{
	throw schema_error("'%s': column id[%u] is not available or specified in schema",
	                   this->name,
	                   id);
}

ircd::db::database &
ircd::db::database::get(column &column)
{
	assert(column.d);
	return *column.d;
}

const ircd::db::database &
ircd::db::database::get(const column &column)
{
	assert(column.d);
	return *column.d;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::comparator
//

const char *
ircd::db::database::comparator::Name()
const
{
	assert(!user.name.empty());
	return user.name.c_str();
}

bool
ircd::db::database::comparator::Equal(const Slice &a,
                                      const Slice &b)
const
{
	assert(bool(user.equal));
	const string_view sa{slice(a)};
	const string_view sb{slice(b)};
	return user.equal(sa, sb);
}

int
ircd::db::database::comparator::Compare(const Slice &a,
                                        const Slice &b)
const
{
	assert(bool(user.less));
	const string_view sa{slice(a)};
	const string_view sb{slice(b)};
	return user.less(sa, sb)? -1:
		   user.less(sb, sa)?  1:
		                       0;
}

void
ircd::db::database::comparator::FindShortSuccessor(std::string *key)
const
{
}

void
ircd::db::database::comparator::FindShortestSeparator(std::string *key,
                                                      const Slice &_limit)
const
{
	const string_view limit{_limit.data(), _limit.size()};
}

namespace ircd::db
{
	struct cmp_string_view;
	struct cmp_int64_t;
}

struct ircd::db::cmp_string_view
:db::comparator
{
	cmp_string_view()
	:db::comparator
	{
		"string_view"
		,[](const string_view &a, const string_view &b)
		{
			return a < b;
		}
		,[](const string_view &a, const string_view &b)
		{
			return a == b;
		}
	}{}
};

struct ircd::db::cmp_int64_t
:db::comparator
{
	cmp_int64_t()
	:db::comparator
	{
		"int64_t"
		,[](const string_view &sa, const string_view &sb)
		{
			assert(sa.size() == sizeof(int64_t));
			assert(sb.size() == sizeof(int64_t));
			const auto &a(*reinterpret_cast<const int64_t *>(sa.data()));
			const auto &b(*reinterpret_cast<const int64_t *>(sb.data()));
			return a < b;
		}
		,[](const string_view &sa, const string_view &sb)
		{
			assert(sa.size() == sizeof(int64_t));
			assert(sb.size() == sizeof(int64_t));
			const auto &a(*reinterpret_cast<const int64_t *>(sa.data()));
			const auto &b(*reinterpret_cast<const int64_t *>(sb.data()));
			return a == b;
		}
	}{}
};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::prefix_transform
//

const char *
ircd::db::database::prefix_transform::Name()
const
{
	assert(!user.name.empty());
	return user.name.c_str();
}

rocksdb::Slice
ircd::db::database::prefix_transform::Transform(const Slice &key)
const
{
	assert(bool(user.get));
	const string_view s{slice(key)};
	return slice(user.get(s));
}

bool
ircd::db::database::prefix_transform::InRange(const Slice &key)
const
{
	return InDomain(key);
}

bool
ircd::db::database::prefix_transform::InDomain(const Slice &key)
const
{
	assert(bool(user.has));
	const string_view s{slice(key)};
	return user.has(s);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::column
//

void
ircd::db::flush(database::column &c,
                const bool &blocking)
{
	database &d(*c.d);
	rocksdb::FlushOptions opts;
	opts.wait = blocking;
	log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu FLUSH",
	          name(d),
	          name(c),
	          sequence(d));

	throw_on_error
	{
		d.d->Flush(opts, c)
	};
}

void
ircd::db::drop(database::column &c)
{
	if(!c.handle)
		return;

	throw_on_error
	{
		c.d->d->DropColumnFamily(c.handle.get())
	};
}

uint32_t
ircd::db::id(const database::column &c)
{
	if(!c.handle)
		return -1;

	return c.handle->GetID();
}

const std::string &
ircd::db::name(const database::column &c)
{
	return c.name;
}

const ircd::db::database::descriptor &
ircd::db::describe(const database::column &c)
{
	return c.descriptor;
}

//
// database::column
//

ircd::db::database::column::column(database *const &d,
                                   const database::descriptor &descriptor)
:rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor
(
	descriptor.name, database::options{descriptor.options}
)
,d{d}
,key_type{descriptor.type.first}
,mapped_type{descriptor.type.second}
,descriptor{descriptor}
,cmp{d, this->descriptor.cmp}
,prefix{d, this->descriptor.prefix}
,handle
{
	nullptr, [this](rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *const handle)
	{
		if(handle)
			this->d->d->DestroyColumnFamilyHandle(handle);
	}
}
{
	if(!this->descriptor.cmp.less)
	{
		if(key_type == typeid(string_view))
			this->cmp.user = cmp_string_view{};
		else if(key_type == typeid(int64_t))
			this->cmp.user = cmp_int64_t{};
		else
			throw error("column '%s' key type[%s] requires user supplied comparator",
			            this->name,
			            key_type.name());
	}

	// Set the key comparator
	this->options.comparator = &this->cmp;

	// Set the prefix extractor
	if(this->prefix.user.get && this->prefix.user.has)
		this->options.prefix_extractor = std::shared_ptr<const rocksdb::SliceTransform>
		{
			&this->prefix, [](const rocksdb::SliceTransform *) {}
		};

	//if(d->mergeop->merger)
	//	this->options.merge_operator = d->mergeop;

	//log.debug("'%s': Creating new column '%s'", d->name, this->name);
	//throw_on_error(d->d->CreateColumnFamily(this->options, this->name, &this->handle));
}

ircd::db::database::column::~column()
noexcept
{
	if(handle)
		flush(*this, false);
}

ircd::db::database::column::operator
database &()
{
	return *d;
}

ircd::db::database::column::operator
rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *()
{
	return handle.get();
}

ircd::db::database::column::operator
const database &()
const
{
	return *d;
}

ircd::db::database::column::operator
const rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *()
const
{
	return handle.get();
}

const std::string &
ircd::db::name(const database &d)
{
	return d.name;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::snapshot
//

uint64_t
ircd::db::sequence(const database::snapshot &s)
{
	const rocksdb::Snapshot *const rs(s);
	return rs->GetSequenceNumber();
}

ircd::db::database::snapshot::snapshot(database &d)
:s
{
	d.d->GetSnapshot(),
	[dp(weak_from(d))](const rocksdb::Snapshot *const s)
	{
		if(!s)
			return;

		const auto d(dp.lock());
		log.debug("'%s' @%p: snapshot(@%p) release seq[%lu]",
		          db::name(*d),
		          d->d.get(),
		          s,
		          s->GetSequenceNumber());

		d->d->ReleaseSnapshot(s);
	}
}
{
	log.debug("'%s' @%p: snapshot(@%p) seq[%lu]",
	          db::name(d),
	          d.d.get(),
	          s.get(),
	          sequence(*this));
}

ircd::db::database::snapshot::~snapshot()
noexcept
{
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::logs
//

static
ircd::log::facility
translate(const rocksdb::InfoLogLevel &level)
{
	switch(level)
	{
		// Treat all infomational messages from rocksdb as debug here for now.
		// We can clean them up and make better reports for our users eventually.
		default:
		case rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::DEBUG_LEVEL:     return ircd::log::facility::DEBUG;
		case rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL:      return ircd::log::facility::DEBUG;

		case rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL:      return ircd::log::facility::WARNING;
		case rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL:     return ircd::log::facility::ERROR;
		case rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::FATAL_LEVEL:     return ircd::log::facility::CRITICAL;
		case rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::HEADER_LEVEL:    return ircd::log::facility::NOTICE;
	}
}

void
ircd::db::database::logs::Logv(const char *const fmt,
                               va_list ap)
{
	Logv(rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::DEBUG_LEVEL, fmt, ap);
}

void
ircd::db::database::logs::LogHeader(const char *const fmt,
                                    va_list ap)
{
	Logv(rocksdb::InfoLogLevel::DEBUG_LEVEL, fmt, ap);
}

void
ircd::db::database::logs::Logv(const rocksdb::InfoLogLevel level,
                               const char *const fmt,
                               va_list ap)
{
	if(level < GetInfoLogLevel())
		return;

	char buf[1024]; const auto len
	{
		vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap)
	};

	const auto str
	{
		// RocksDB adds annoying leading whitespace to attempt to right-justify things and idc
		lstrip(buf, ' ')
	};

	// Skip the options for now
	if(startswith(str, "Options"))
		return;

	log(translate(level), "'%s': (rdb) %s", d->name, str);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::mergeop
//

const char *
ircd::db::database::mergeop::Name()
const
{
	return "<unnamed>";
}

bool
ircd::db::database::mergeop::Merge(const rocksdb::Slice &_key,
                                   const rocksdb::Slice *const _exist,
                                   const rocksdb::Slice &_update,
                                   std::string *const newval,
                                   rocksdb::Logger *const)
const try
{
	const string_view key
	{
		_key.data(), _key.size()
	};

	const string_view exist
	{
		_exist? string_view { _exist->data(), _exist->size() } : string_view{}
	};

	const string_view update
	{
		_update.data(), _update.size()
	};

	if(exist.empty())
	{
		*newval = std::string(update);
		return true;
	}

	//XXX caching opportunity?
	*newval = merger(key, {exist, update});   // call the user
	return true;
}
catch(const std::bad_function_call &e)
{
	log.critical("merge: missing merge operator (%s)", e);
	return false;
}
catch(const std::exception &e)
{
	log.error("merge: %s", e);
	return false;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// database::stats
//

void
ircd::db::log_rdb_perf_context(const bool &all)
{
	const bool exclude_zeros(!all);
	log.debug("%s", rocksdb::perf_context.ToString(exclude_zeros));
}

uint64_t
ircd::db::database::stats::getAndResetTickerCount(const uint32_t type)
{
	const auto ret(getTickerCount(type));
	setTickerCount(type, 0);
	return ret;
}

bool
ircd::db::database::stats::HistEnabledForType(const uint32_t type)
const
{
	return type < histogram.size();
}

void
ircd::db::database::stats::measureTime(const uint32_t type,
                                       const uint64_t time)
{
}

void
ircd::db::database::stats::histogramData(const uint32_t type,
                                         rocksdb::HistogramData *const data)
const
{
	assert(data);

	const auto &median(data->median);
	const auto &percentile95(data->percentile95);
	const auto &percentile88(data->percentile99);
	const auto &average(data->average);
	const auto &standard_deviation(data->standard_deviation);
}

void
ircd::db::database::stats::recordTick(const uint32_t type,
                                      const uint64_t count)
{
	ticker.at(type) += count;
}

void
ircd::db::database::stats::setTickerCount(const uint32_t type,
                                          const uint64_t count)
{
	ticker.at(type) = count;
}

uint64_t
ircd::db::database::stats::getTickerCount(const uint32_t type)
const
{
	return ticker.at(type);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnFlushCompleted(rocksdb::DB *const db,
                                             const rocksdb::FlushJobInfo &info)
{
	log.debug("'%s' @%p: flushed: column[%s] path[%s] tid[%lu] job[%d] writes[slow:%d stop:%d]",
	          d->name,
	          db,
	          info.cf_name,
	          info.file_path,
	          info.thread_id,
	          info.job_id,
	          info.triggered_writes_slowdown,
	          info.triggered_writes_stop);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnCompactionCompleted(rocksdb::DB *const db,
                                                  const rocksdb::CompactionJobInfo &info)
{
	log.debug("'%s' @%p: compacted: column[%s] status[%d] tid[%lu] job[%d]",
	          d->name,
	          db,
	          info.cf_name,
	          int(info.status.code()),
	          info.thread_id,
	          info.job_id);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnTableFileDeleted(const rocksdb::TableFileDeletionInfo &info)
{
	log.debug("'%s': table file deleted: db[%s] path[%s] status[%d] job[%d]",
	          d->name,
	          info.db_name,
	          info.file_path,
	          int(info.status.code()),
	          info.job_id);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnTableFileCreated(const rocksdb::TableFileCreationInfo &info)
{
	log.debug("'%s': table file created: db[%s] path[%s] status[%d] job[%d]",
	          d->name,
	          info.db_name,
	          info.file_path,
	          int(info.status.code()),
	          info.job_id);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnTableFileCreationStarted(const rocksdb::TableFileCreationBriefInfo &info)
{
	log.debug("'%s': table file creating: db[%s] column[%s] path[%s] job[%d]",
	          d->name,
	          info.db_name,
	          info.cf_name,
	          info.file_path,
	          info.job_id);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnMemTableSealed(const rocksdb::MemTableInfo &info)
{
	log.debug("'%s': memory table sealed: column[%s] entries[%lu] deletes[%lu]",
	          d->name,
	          info.cf_name,
	          info.num_entries,
	          info.num_deletes);
}

void
ircd::db::database::events::OnColumnFamilyHandleDeletionStarted(rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *const h)
{
	log.debug("'%s': column[%s] handle closing @ %p",
	          d->name,
	          h->GetName(),
	          h);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// db/iov.h
//

struct ircd::db::iov::handler
:rocksdb::WriteBatch::Handler
{
	using Status = rocksdb::Status;
	using Slice = rocksdb::Slice;

	const database &d;
	const std::function<bool (const delta &)> &cb;
	bool _continue {true};

	Status callback(const delta &) noexcept;
	Status callback(const uint32_t &, const op &, const Slice &a, const Slice &b) noexcept;

	bool Continue() noexcept override;
	Status MarkRollback(const Slice &xid) noexcept override;
	Status MarkCommit(const Slice &xid) noexcept override;
	Status MarkEndPrepare(const Slice &xid) noexcept override;
	Status MarkBeginPrepare() noexcept override;

	Status MergeCF(const uint32_t cfid, const Slice &, const Slice &) noexcept override;
	Status SingleDeleteCF(const uint32_t cfid, const Slice &) noexcept override;
	Status DeleteRangeCF(const uint32_t cfid, const Slice &, const Slice &) noexcept override;
	Status DeleteCF(const uint32_t cfid, const Slice &) noexcept override;
	Status PutCF(const uint32_t cfid, const Slice &, const Slice &) noexcept override;

	handler(const database &d,
	        const std::function<bool (const delta &)> &cb)
	:d{d}
	,cb{cb}
	{}
};

std::string
ircd::db::debug(const iov &t)
{
	const rocksdb::WriteBatch &wb(t);
	return db::debug(wb);
}

void
ircd::db::for_each(const iov &t,
                   const std::function<void (const delta &)> &closure)
{
	const auto re{[&closure]
	(const delta &delta)
	{
		closure(delta);
		return true;
	}};

	const database &d(t);
	const rocksdb::WriteBatch &wb{t};
	iov::handler h{d, re};
	wb.Iterate(&h);
}

bool
ircd::db::until(const iov &t,
                const std::function<bool (const delta &)> &closure)
{
	const database &d(t);
	const rocksdb::WriteBatch &wb{t};
	iov::handler h{d, closure};
	wb.Iterate(&h);
	return h._continue;
}

///
/// handler
///

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::PutCF(const uint32_t cfid,
                              const Slice &key,
                              const Slice &val)
noexcept
{
	return callback(cfid, op::SET, key, val);
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::DeleteCF(const uint32_t cfid,
                                 const Slice &key)
noexcept
{
	return callback(cfid, op::DELETE, key, {});
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::DeleteRangeCF(const uint32_t cfid,
                                      const Slice &begin,
                                      const Slice &end)
noexcept
{
	return callback(cfid, op::DELETE_RANGE, begin, end);
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::SingleDeleteCF(const uint32_t cfid,
                                       const Slice &key)
noexcept
{
	return callback(cfid, op::SINGLE_DELETE, key, {});
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::MergeCF(const uint32_t cfid,
                                const Slice &key,
                                const Slice &value)
noexcept
{
	return callback(cfid, op::MERGE, key, value);
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::MarkBeginPrepare()
noexcept
{
	return Status::OK();
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::MarkEndPrepare(const Slice &xid)
noexcept
{
	return Status::OK();
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::MarkCommit(const Slice &xid)
noexcept
{
	return Status::OK();
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::MarkRollback(const Slice &xid)
noexcept
{
	return Status::OK();
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::callback(const uint32_t &cfid,
                                 const op &op,
                                 const Slice &a,
                                 const Slice &b)
noexcept try
{
	auto &c{d[cfid]};
	const delta delta
	{
		op,
		db::name(c),
		slice(a),
		slice(b)
	};

	return callback(delta);
}
catch(const std::exception &e)
{
	_continue = false;
	log::critical("iov::handler: cfid[%u]: %s", cfid, e.what());
	std::terminate();
}

rocksdb::Status
ircd::db::iov::handler::callback(const delta &delta)
noexcept try
{
	_continue = cb(delta);
	return Status::OK();
}
catch(const std::exception &e)
{
	_continue = false;
	return Status::OK();
}

bool
ircd::db::iov::handler::Continue()
noexcept
{
	return _continue;
}

//
// iov
//

ircd::db::iov::iov(database &d)
:iov{d, {}}
{
}

ircd::db::iov::iov(database &d,
                   const opts &opts)
:d{&d}
,wb
{
	std::make_unique<rocksdb::WriteBatch>(opts.reserve_bytes, opts.max_bytes)
}
{
}

ircd::db::iov::~iov()
noexcept
{
}

void
ircd::db::iov::operator()(const sopts &opts)
{
	assert(bool(d));
	operator()(*d, opts);
}

void
ircd::db::iov::operator()(database &d,
                          const sopts &opts)
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	commit(d, *wb, opts);
}

void
ircd::db::iov::clear()
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	wb->Clear();
}

size_t
ircd::db::iov::size()
const
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	return wb->Count();
}

size_t
ircd::db::iov::bytes()
const
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	return wb->GetDataSize();
}

bool
ircd::db::iov::has(const op &op)
const
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	switch(op)
	{
		case op::GET:              assert(0); return false;
		case op::SET:              return wb->HasPut();
		case op::MERGE:            return wb->HasMerge();
		case op::DELETE:           return wb->HasDelete();
		case op::DELETE_RANGE:     return wb->HasDeleteRange();
		case op::SINGLE_DELETE:    return wb->HasSingleDelete();
	}

	return false;
}

bool
ircd::db::iov::has(const op &op,
                   const string_view &col)
const
{
	return !until(*this, [&op, &col]
	(const auto &delta)
	{
		return std::get<0>(delta) == op &&
		       std::get<1>(delta) == col;
	});
}

bool
ircd::db::iov::has(const op &op,
                   const string_view &col,
                   const string_view &key)
const
{
	return !until(*this, [&op, &col, &key]
	(const auto &delta)
	{
		return std::get<0>(delta) == op &&
		       std::get<1>(delta) == col &&
		       std::get<2>(delta) == key;
	});
}

ircd::db::delta
ircd::db::iov::at(const op &op,
                  const string_view &col)
const
{
	const auto ret(get(op, col));
	if(unlikely(!std::get<2>(ret)))
		throw not_found("db::iov::at(%s, %s): no matching delta in transaction",
		                reflect(op),
		                col);
	return ret;
}

ircd::db::delta
ircd::db::iov::get(const op &op,
                   const string_view &col)
const
{
	delta ret;
	until(*this, [&ret, &op, &col]
	(const delta &delta)
	{
		if(std::get<0>(delta) == op &&
		   std::get<1>(delta) == col)
		{
			ret = delta;
			return false;
		}
		else return true;
	});

	return ret;
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::iov::at(const op &op,
                  const string_view &col,
                  const string_view &key)
const
{
	const auto ret(get(op, col, key));
	if(unlikely(!ret))
		throw not_found("db::iov::at(%s, %s, %s): no matching delta in transaction",
		                reflect(op),
		                col,
		                key);
	return ret;
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::iov::get(const op &op,
                   const string_view &col,
                   const string_view &key)
const
{
	string_view ret;
	until(*this, [&ret, &op, &col, &key]
	(const delta &delta)
	{
		if(std::get<0>(delta) == op &&
		   std::get<1>(delta) == col &&
		   std::get<2>(delta) == key)
		{
			ret = std::get<3>(delta);
			return false;
		}
		else return true;
	});

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::iov::operator
ircd::db::database &()
{
	assert(bool(d));
	return *d;
}

ircd::db::iov::operator
rocksdb::WriteBatch &()
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	return *wb;
}

ircd::db::iov::operator
const ircd::db::database &()
const
{
	assert(bool(d));
	return *d;
}

ircd::db::iov::operator
const rocksdb::WriteBatch &()
const
{
	assert(bool(wb));
	return *wb;
}

//
// Checkpoint
//

ircd::db::iov::checkpoint::checkpoint(iov &t)
:t{t}
{
	assert(bool(t.wb));
	t.wb->SetSavePoint();
}

ircd::db::iov::checkpoint::~checkpoint()
noexcept
{
	if(likely(!std::uncaught_exception()))
		throw_on_error { t.wb->PopSavePoint() };
	else
		throw_on_error { t.wb->RollbackToSavePoint() };
}

ircd::db::iov::append::append(iov &t,
                              const string_view &key,
                              const json::iov &iov)
{
	std::for_each(std::begin(iov), std::end(iov), [&t, &key]
	(const auto &member)
	{
		append
		{
			t, delta
			{
				member.first,   // col
				key,            // key
				member.second   // val
			}
		};
	});
}

ircd::db::iov::append::append(iov &t,
                              const delta &delta)
{
	assert(bool(t.d));
	append(t, *t.d, delta);
}

ircd::db::iov::append::append(iov &t,
                              const row::delta &delta)
{
	assert(0);
}

ircd::db::iov::append::append(iov &t,
                              const cell::delta &delta)
{
	db::append(*t.wb, delta);
}

ircd::db::iov::append::append(iov &t,
                              column &c,
                              const column::delta &delta)
{
	db::append(*t.wb, c, delta);
}

ircd::db::iov::append::append(iov &t,
                              database &d,
                              const delta &delta)
{
	db::column c{d[std::get<1>(delta)]};
	db::append(*t.wb, c, db::column::delta
	{
		std::get<op>(delta),
		std::get<2>(delta),
		std::get<3>(delta)
	});
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// db/index.h
//

ircd::db::index::const_iterator
ircd::db::index::find(const string_view &key)
{
	auto ret{column::lower_bound(key)};
	if(!ret)
		return const_iterator{};

	const auto &prefix(c->descriptor.prefix);
	if(prefix.has && prefix.has(ret->first))
		if(prefix.get && key != prefix.get(ret->first))
			return const_iterator{};

	return std::move(ret);
}

ircd::db::index::const_iterator
ircd::db::index::begin()
{
	return column::begin();
}

ircd::db::index::const_iterator
ircd::db::index::end()
{
	return column::end();
}

//
// const_iterator
//

ircd::db::index::const_iterator::const_iterator(column::const_iterator it)
:column::const_iterator{std::move(it)}
{
//	const auto &prefix(c->descriptor.prefix);
//	if(unlikely(!prefix.has || !prefix.get))
//		throw schema_error("column '%s' has no prefix logic; it cannot be an index",
//		                   name(*c));
}

const ircd::db::index::const_iterator::value_type &
ircd::db::index::const_iterator::operator*()
const
{
	const auto t(const_cast<const_iterator *>(this));
	t->column::const_iterator::operator*();
	string_view &key(t->val.first);
	const auto &prefix(c->descriptor.prefix);
	if(prefix.has && prefix.has(key))
	{
		const auto first(prefix.get(key));
		const auto second(key.substr(first.size()));
		key = second;
	}

	return t->val;
}

const ircd::db::index::const_iterator::value_type *
ircd::db::index::const_iterator::operator->()
const
{
	return &this->operator*();
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// db/cursor.h
//

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// db/cell.h
//

uint64_t
ircd::db::sequence(const cell &c)
{
	const database::snapshot &ss(c);
	return sequence(database::snapshot(c));
}

const std::string &
ircd::db::name(const cell &c)
{
	return name(c.c);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const cell::delta &delta,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(&delta, &delta + 1, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const sopts &sopts,
                const std::initializer_list<cell::delta> &deltas)
{
	write(deltas, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const std::initializer_list<cell::delta> &deltas,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(std::begin(deltas), std::end(deltas), sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const cell::delta *const &begin,
                const cell::delta *const &end,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	if(begin == end)
		return;

	// Find the database through one of the cell's columns. cell::deltas
	// may come from different columns so we do nothing else with this.
	auto &front(*begin);
	column &c(std::get<cell *>(front)->c);
	database &d(c);

	rocksdb::WriteBatch batch;
	std::for_each(begin, end, [&batch]
	(const cell::delta &delta)
	{
		append(batch, delta);
	});

	commit(d, batch, sopts);
}

template<class pos>
bool
ircd::db::seek(cell &c,
               const pos &p)
{
	column &cc(c);
	database::column &dc(cc);

	gopts opts;
	opts.snapshot = c.ss;
	auto ropts(make_opts(opts));
	return seek(dc, p, ropts, c.it);
}
template bool ircd::db::seek<ircd::db::pos>(cell &, const pos &);
template bool ircd::db::seek<ircd::string_view>(cell &, const string_view &);

// Linkage for incomplete rocksdb::Iterator
ircd::db::cell::cell()
{
}

ircd::db::cell::cell(database &d,
                     const string_view &colname,
                     gopts opts)
:cell
{
	column(d[colname]), std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator>{}, std::move(opts)
}
{
}

ircd::db::cell::cell(database &d,
                     const string_view &colname,
                     const string_view &index,
                     gopts opts)
:cell
{
	column(d[colname]), index, std::move(opts)
}
{
}

ircd::db::cell::cell(column column,
                     const string_view &index,
                     gopts opts)
:c{std::move(column)}
,ss{opts.snapshot}
,it{ss? seek(this->c, index, opts) : std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator>{}}
{
	if(bool(this->it))
		if(!valid_eq(*this->it, index))
			this->it.reset();
}

ircd::db::cell::cell(column column,
                     const string_view &index,
                     std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> it,
                     gopts opts)
:c{std::move(column)}
,ss{opts.snapshot}
,it{std::move(it)}
{
	seek(*this, index);
	if(!valid_eq(*this->it, index))
		this->it.reset();
}

ircd::db::cell::cell(column column,
                     std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> it,
                     gopts opts)
:c{std::move(column)}
,ss{std::move(opts.snapshot)}
,it{std::move(it)}
{
}

// Linkage for incomplete rocksdb::Iterator
ircd::db::cell::cell(cell &&o)
noexcept
:c{std::move(o.c)}
,ss{std::move(o.ss)}
,it{std::move(o.it)}
{
}

// Linkage for incomplete rocksdb::Iterator
ircd::db::cell &
ircd::db::cell::operator=(cell &&o)
noexcept
{
	c = std::move(o.c);
	ss = std::move(o.ss);
	it = std::move(o.it);

	return *this;
}

// Linkage for incomplete rocksdb::Iterator
ircd::db::cell::~cell()
noexcept
{
}

bool
ircd::db::cell::load(const string_view &index,
                     gopts opts)
{
	database &d(c);
	if(valid(index) && !opts.snapshot && sequence(ss) == sequence(d))
		return true;

	if(bool(opts.snapshot))
	{
		this->it.reset();
		this->ss = std::move(opts.snapshot);
	}

	std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::TransactionLogIterator> tit;
	throw_on_error(d.d->GetUpdatesSince(0, &tit));
	while(tit && tit->Valid())
	{
		auto batchres(tit->GetBatch());
		//std::cout << "seq: " << batchres.sequence;
		if(batchres.writeBatchPtr)
		{
			auto &batch(*batchres.writeBatchPtr);
			//std::cout << " count " << batch.Count() << " ds: " << batch.GetDataSize() << " " << batch.Data() << std::endl;
		}

		tit->Next();
	}

	database::column &c(this->c);
	return seek(c, index, opts, this->it);
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::cell::exchange(const string_view &desired)
{
	const auto ret(val());
	(*this) = desired;
	return ret;
}

bool
ircd::db::cell::compare_exchange(string_view &expected,
                                 const string_view &desired)
{
	const auto existing(val());
	if(expected.size() != existing.size() ||
	   memcmp(expected.data(), existing.data(), expected.size()) != 0)
	{
		expected = existing;
		return false;
	}

	expected = existing;
	(*this) = desired;
	return true;
}

ircd::db::cell &
ircd::db::cell::operator=(const string_view &s)
{
	write(c, key(), s);
	return *this;
}

void
ircd::db::cell::operator()(const op &op,
                           const string_view &val,
                           const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(cell::delta{op, *this, val}, sopts);
}

ircd::db::cell::operator
string_view()
{
	return val();
}

ircd::db::cell::operator
string_view()
const
{
	return val();
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::cell::val()
{
	if(!valid())
		load();

	return likely(valid())? db::val(*it) : string_view{};
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::cell::key()
{
	if(!valid())
		load();

	return likely(valid())? db::key(*it) : string_view{};
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::cell::val()
const
{
	return likely(valid())? db::val(*it) : string_view{};
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::cell::key()
const
{
	return likely(valid())? db::key(*it) : string_view{};
}

bool
ircd::db::cell::valid()
const
{
	return bool(it) && db::valid(*it);
}

bool
ircd::db::cell::valid(const string_view &s)
const
{
	return bool(it) && db::valid_eq(*it, s);
}

bool
ircd::db::cell::valid_gt(const string_view &s)
const
{
	return bool(it) && db::valid_gt(*it, s);
}

bool
ircd::db::cell::valid_lte(const string_view &s)
const
{
	return bool(it) && db::valid_lte(*it, s);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// db/row.h
//

void
ircd::db::del(row &row,
              const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(row::delta{op::DELETE, row}, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const row::delta &delta,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(&delta, &delta + 1, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const sopts &sopts,
                const std::initializer_list<row::delta> &deltas)
{
	write(deltas, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const std::initializer_list<row::delta> &deltas,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(std::begin(deltas), std::end(deltas), sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(const row::delta *const &begin,
                const row::delta *const &end,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	// Count the total number of cells for this transaction.
	const auto cells
	{
		std::accumulate(begin, end, size_t(0), []
		(auto ret, const row::delta &delta)
		{
			const auto &row(std::get<row *>(delta));
			return ret += row->size();
		})
	};

	//TODO: allocator?
	std::vector<cell::delta> deltas;
	deltas.reserve(cells);

	// Compose all of the cells from all of the rows into a single txn
	std::for_each(begin, end, [&deltas]
	(const auto &delta)
	{
		const auto &op(std::get<op>(delta));
		const auto &row(std::get<row *>(delta));
		std::for_each(std::begin(*row), std::end(*row), [&deltas, &op]
		(auto &cell)
		{
			// For operations like DELETE which don't require a value in
			// the delta, we can skip a potentially expensive load of the cell.
			const auto value
			{
				value_required(op)? cell.val() : string_view{}
			};

			deltas.emplace_back(op, cell, value);
		});
	});

	// Commitment
	write(&deltas.front(), &deltas.front() + deltas.size(), sopts);
}

template<class pos>
size_t
ircd::db::seek(row &r,
               const pos &p)
{
	return std::count_if(begin(r.its), end(r.its), [&p]
	(auto &cell)
	{
		return seek(cell, p);
	});
}
template size_t ircd::db::seek<ircd::db::pos>(row &, const pos &);
template size_t ircd::db::seek<ircd::string_view>(row &, const string_view &);

//
// row
//

ircd::db::row::row(database &d,
                   const string_view &key,
                   const vector_view<string_view> &colnames,
                   gopts opts)
:its{[this, &d, &key, &colnames, &opts]
{
	using std::end;
	using std::begin;
	using rocksdb::Iterator;
	using rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle;

	if(!opts.snapshot)
		opts.snapshot = database::snapshot(d);

	const rocksdb::ReadOptions options
	{
		make_opts(opts)
	};

	//TODO: allocator
	std::vector<database::column *> colptr
	{
		colnames.empty()? d.columns.size() : colnames.size()
	};

	if(colnames.empty())
		std::transform(begin(d.columns), end(d.columns), begin(colptr), [&colnames]
		(const auto &p)
		{
			return p.get();
		});
	else
		std::transform(begin(colnames), end(colnames), begin(colptr), [&d]
		(const auto &name)
		{
			return &d[name];
		});

	//TODO: allocator
	std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle *> handles(colptr.size());
	std::transform(begin(colptr), end(colptr), begin(handles), []
	(database::column *const &ptr)
	{
		return ptr->handle.get();
	});

	//TODO: does this block?
	std::vector<Iterator *> iterators;
	throw_on_error
	{
		d.d->NewIterators(options, handles, &iterators)
	};

	std::vector<cell> ret(iterators.size());
	for(size_t i(0); i < ret.size(); ++i)
	{
		std::unique_ptr<Iterator> it(iterators.at(i));
		ret[i] = cell { *colptr.at(i), key, std::move(it), opts };
	}

	return ret;
}()}
{
	if(key.empty())
		seek(*this, pos::FRONT);
	else
		seek(*this, key);
}

void
ircd::db::row::operator()(const op &op,
                          const string_view &col,
                          const string_view &val,
                          const sopts &sopts)
{
	write(cell::delta{op, (*this)[col], val}, sopts);
}

ircd::db::cell &
ircd::db::row::operator[](const string_view &column)
{
	const auto it(find(column));
	if(unlikely(it == end()))
		throw schema_error("column '%s' not specified in the descriptor schema", column);

	return *it;
}

const ircd::db::cell &
ircd::db::row::operator[](const string_view &column)
const
{
	const auto it(find(column));
	if(unlikely(it == end()))
		throw schema_error("column '%s' not specified in the descriptor schema", column);

	return *it;
}

ircd::db::row::iterator
ircd::db::row::find(const string_view &col)
{
	return std::find_if(std::begin(its), std::end(its), [&col]
	(const auto &cell)
	{
		return name(cell.c) == col;
	});
}

ircd::db::row::const_iterator
ircd::db::row::find(const string_view &col)
const
{
	return std::find_if(std::begin(its), std::end(its), [&col]
	(const auto &cell)
	{
		return name(cell.c) == col;
	});
}

bool
ircd::db::row::valid()
const
{
	return std::any_of(std::begin(its), std::end(its), []
	(const auto &cell)
	{
		return cell.valid();
	});
}

bool
ircd::db::row::valid(const string_view &s)
const
{
	return std::any_of(std::begin(its), std::end(its), [&s]
	(const auto &cell)
	{
		return cell.valid(s);
	});
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// db/column.h
//

std::string
ircd::db::read(column &column,
               const string_view &key,
               const gopts &gopts)
{
	std::string ret;
	const auto copy([&ret]
	(const string_view &src)
	{
		ret.assign(begin(src), end(src));
	});

	column(key, copy, gopts);
	return ret;
}

size_t
ircd::db::read(column &column,
               const string_view &key,
               uint8_t *const &buf,
               const size_t &max,
               const gopts &gopts)
{
	size_t ret(0);
	const auto copy([&ret, &buf, &max]
	(const string_view &src)
	{
		ret = std::min(src.size(), max);
		memcpy(buf, src.data(), ret);
	});

	column(key, copy, gopts);
	return ret;
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::read(column &column,
               const string_view &key,
               char *const &buf,
               const size_t &max,
               const gopts &gopts)
{
	size_t ret(0);
	const auto copy([&ret, &buf, &max]
	(const string_view &src)
	{
		ret = strlcpy(buf, src.data(), std::min(src.size(), max));
	});

	column(key, copy, gopts);
	return { buf, ret };
}

template<>
std::string
ircd::db::property(column &column,
                   const string_view &name)
{
	std::string ret;
	database &d(column);
	database::column &c(column);
	d.d->GetProperty(c, slice(name), &ret);
	return ret;
}

template<>
uint64_t
ircd::db::property(column &column,
                   const string_view &name)
{
	uint64_t ret;
	database &d(column);
	database::column &c(column);
	if(!d.d->GetIntProperty(c, slice(name), &ret))
		ret = 0;

	return ret;
}

size_t
ircd::db::bytes(column &column)
{
	rocksdb::ColumnFamilyMetaData cfm;
	database::column &c(column);
	database &d(c);
	assert(bool(c.handle));
	d.d->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(c.handle.get(), &cfm);
	return cfm.size;
}

size_t
ircd::db::file_count(column &column)
{
	rocksdb::ColumnFamilyMetaData cfm;
	database::column &c(column);
	database &d(c);
	assert(bool(c.handle));
	d.d->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(c.handle.get(), &cfm);
	return cfm.file_count;
}

uint32_t
ircd::db::id(const column &column)
{
	const database::column &c(column);
	return id(c);
}

const std::string &
ircd::db::name(const column &column)
{
	const database::column &c(column);
	return name(c);
}

const ircd::db::database::descriptor &
ircd::db::describe(const column &column)
{
	const database::column &c(column);
	return describe(c);
}

void
ircd::db::flush(column &column,
                const bool &blocking)
{
	database::column &c(column);
	flush(c, blocking);
}

void
ircd::db::del(column &column,
              const string_view &key,
              const sopts &sopts)
{
	database &d(column);
	database::column &c(column);
	log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu DELETE key(%zu B)",
	          name(d),
	          name(c),
	          sequence(d),
	          key.size());

	auto opts(make_opts(sopts));
	throw_on_error
	{
		d.d->Delete(opts, c, slice(key))
	};
}

void
ircd::db::write(column &column,
                const string_view &key,
                const uint8_t *const &buf,
                const size_t &size,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	const string_view val
	{
		reinterpret_cast<const char *>(buf), size
	};

	write(column, key, key, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::write(column &column,
                const string_view &key,
                const string_view &val,
                const sopts &sopts)
{
	database &d(column);
	database::column &c(column);
	log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu PUT key(%zu B) val(%zu B)",
	          name(d),
	          name(c),
	          sequence(d),
	          key.size(),
	          val.size());

	auto opts(make_opts(sopts));
	throw_on_error
	{
		d.d->Put(opts, c, slice(key), slice(val))
	};
}

bool
ircd::db::has(column &column,
              const string_view &key,
              const gopts &gopts)
{
	database &d(column);
	database::column &c(column);

	const auto k(slice(key));
	auto opts(make_opts(gopts));

	// Perform queries which are stymied from any sysentry
	opts.read_tier = NON_BLOCKING;

	// Perform a co-RP query to the filtration
	if(!d.d->KeyMayExist(opts, c, k, nullptr, nullptr))
		return false;

	// Perform a query to the cache
	static std::string *const null_str_ptr(nullptr);
	auto status(d.d->Get(opts, c, k, null_str_ptr));
	if(status.IsIncomplete())
	{
		// DB cache miss; next query requires I/O, offload it
		opts.read_tier = BLOCKING;
		ctx::offload([&d, &c, &k, &opts, &status]
		{
			status = d.d->Get(opts, c, k, null_str_ptr);
		});
	}

	log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu HAS key(%zu B) %s [%s]",
	          name(d),
	          name(c),
	          sequence(d),
	          key.size(),
	          status.ok()? "YES"s : "NO"s,
	          opts.read_tier == BLOCKING? "CACHE MISS"s : "CACHE HIT"s);

	// Finally the result
	switch(status.code())
	{
		using rocksdb::Status;

		case Status::kOk:          return true;
		case Status::kNotFound:    return false;
		default:
			throw_on_error(status);
			__builtin_unreachable();
	}
}

//
// column
//

ircd::db::column::column(database::column &c)
:c{&c}
{
}

ircd::db::column::column(database &d,
                         const string_view &column_name)
:c{&d[column_name]}
{}

void
ircd::db::column::operator()(const delta &delta,
                             const sopts &sopts)
{
	operator()(&delta, &delta + 1, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::column::operator()(const sopts &sopts,
                             const std::initializer_list<delta> &deltas)
{
	operator()(deltas, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::column::operator()(const std::initializer_list<delta> &deltas,
                             const sopts &sopts)
{
	operator()(std::begin(deltas), std::end(deltas), sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::column::operator()(const delta *const &begin,
                             const delta *const &end,
                             const sopts &sopts)
{
	database &d(*this);

	rocksdb::WriteBatch batch;
	std::for_each(begin, end, [this, &batch]
	(const delta &delta)
	{
		append(batch, *this, delta);
	});

	commit(d, batch, sopts);
}

void
ircd::db::column::operator()(const string_view &key,
                             const gopts &gopts,
                             const view_closure &func)
{
	return operator()(key, func, gopts);
}

void
ircd::db::column::operator()(const string_view &key,
                             const view_closure &func,
                             const gopts &gopts)
{
	const auto it(seek(*this, key, gopts));
	valid_eq_or_throw(*it, key);
	func(val(*it));
}

ircd::db::cell
ircd::db::column::operator[](const string_view &key)
const
{
	return { *this, key };
}

ircd::db::column::operator
const database::descriptor &()
const
{
	return c->descriptor;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// column::const_iterator
//

namespace ircd {
namespace db   {

} // namespace db
} // namespace ircd

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::end(const gopts &gopts)
{
	return cend(gopts);
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::begin(const gopts &gopts)
{
	return cbegin(gopts);
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::cend(const gopts &gopts)
{
	return {};
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::cbegin(const gopts &gopts)
{
	const_iterator ret
	{
		c, {}, gopts
	};

	ret.all_prefix = true;
	seek(ret, pos::FRONT);
	return std::move(ret);
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::upper_bound(const string_view &key,
                              const gopts &gopts)
{
	auto it(lower_bound(key, gopts));
	if(it && it.it->key().compare(slice(key)) == 0)
		++it;

	return std::move(it);
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::find(const string_view &key,
                       const gopts &gopts)
{
	auto it(lower_bound(key, gopts));
	if(!it || it.it->key().compare(slice(key)) != 0)
		return cend(gopts);

	return it;
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator
ircd::db::column::lower_bound(const string_view &key,
                              const gopts &gopts)
{
	const_iterator ret
	{
		c, {}, gopts
	};

	seek(ret, key);
	return std::move(ret);
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator::const_iterator(const_iterator &&o)
noexcept
:c{std::move(o.c)}
,ss{std::move(o.ss)}
,it{std::move(o.it)}
,val{std::move(o.val)}
,all_prefix{std::move(o.all_prefix)}
{
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator &
ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator=(const_iterator &&o)
noexcept
{
	c = std::move(o.c);
	ss = std::move(o.ss);
	it = std::move(o.it);
	val = std::move(o.val);
	all_prefix = std::move(o.all_prefix);
	return *this;
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator::const_iterator()
{
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator::const_iterator(database::column *const &c,
                                                 std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> &&it,
                                                 const gopts &gopts)
:c{c}
,ss{gopts.snapshot}
,it{std::move(it)}
,all_prefix{has_opt(gopts, db::get::ALL_PREFIX)}
{
	//if(!has_opt(this->opts, get::READAHEAD))
	//	this->gopts.readahead_size = DEFAULT_READAHEAD;
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator::~const_iterator()
noexcept
{
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator &
ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator--()
{
	seek(*this, pos::PREV);
	return *this;
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator &
ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator++()
{
	seek(*this, pos::NEXT);
	return *this;
}

const ircd::db::column::const_iterator::value_type &
ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator*()
const
{
	assert(it && valid(*it));
	val.first = db::key(*it);
	val.second = db::val(*it);
	return val;
}

const ircd::db::column::const_iterator::value_type *
ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator->()
const
{
	return &operator*();
}

bool
ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator!()
const
{
	return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
}

ircd::db::column::const_iterator::operator bool()
const
{
	if(!it)
		return false;

	if(!valid(*it))
		return false;

	return true;
}

bool
ircd::db::operator!=(const column::const_iterator &a, const column::const_iterator &b)
{
	return !(a == b);
}

bool
ircd::db::operator==(const column::const_iterator &a, const column::const_iterator &b)
{
	if(a && b)
	{
		const auto &ak(a.it->key());
		const auto &bk(b.it->key());
		return ak.compare(bk) == 0;
	}

	if(!a && !b)
		return true;

	return false;
}

bool
ircd::db::operator>(const column::const_iterator &a, const column::const_iterator &b)
{
	if(a && b)
	{
		const auto &ak(a.it->key());
		const auto &bk(b.it->key());
		return ak.compare(bk) == 1;
	}

	if(!a && b)
		return true;

	if(!a && !b)
		return false;

	assert(!a && b);
	return false;
}

bool
ircd::db::operator<(const column::const_iterator &a, const column::const_iterator &b)
{
	if(a && b)
	{
		const auto &ak(a.it->key());
		const auto &bk(b.it->key());
		return ak.compare(bk) == -1;
	}

	if(!a && b)
		return false;

	if(!a && !b)
		return false;

	assert(a && !b);
	return true;
}

template<class pos>
bool
ircd::db::seek(column::const_iterator &it,
               const pos &p)
{
	database::column &c(it);
	auto opts
	{
		make_opts({}, true)
	};

	opts.prefix_same_as_start = !it.all_prefix;
	return seek(c, p, opts, it.it);
}
template bool ircd::db::seek<ircd::db::pos>(column::const_iterator &, const pos &);
template bool ircd::db::seek<ircd::string_view>(column::const_iterator &, const string_view &);

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// merge.h
//

std::string
ircd::db::merge_operator(const string_view &key,
                         const std::pair<string_view, string_view> &delta)
{
	//ircd::json::index index{delta.first};
	//index += delta.second;
	//return index;
	assert(0);
	return {};
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// writebatch
//

void
ircd::db::append(rocksdb::WriteBatch &batch,
                 const cell::delta &delta)
{
	auto &column(std::get<cell *>(delta)->c);
	append(batch, column, column::delta
	{
		std::get<op>(delta),
		std::get<cell *>(delta)->key(),
		std::get<string_view>(delta)
	});
}

void
ircd::db::append(rocksdb::WriteBatch &batch,
                 column &column,
                 const column::delta &delta)
{
	database::column &c(column);

	const auto k(slice(std::get<1>(delta)));
	const auto v(slice(std::get<2>(delta)));
	switch(std::get<0>(delta))
	{
		case op::GET:            assert(0);                    break;
		case op::SET:            batch.Put(c, k, v);           break;
		case op::MERGE:          batch.Merge(c, k, v);         break;
		case op::DELETE:         batch.Delete(c, k);           break;
		case op::DELETE_RANGE:   batch.DeleteRange(c, k, v);   break;
		case op::SINGLE_DELETE:  batch.SingleDelete(c, k);     break;
	}
}

void
ircd::db::commit(database &d,
                 rocksdb::WriteBatch &batch,
                 const sopts &sopts)
{
	const auto opts(make_opts(sopts));
	commit(d, batch, opts);
}

void
ircd::db::commit(database &d,
                 rocksdb::WriteBatch &batch,
                 const rocksdb::WriteOptions &opts)
{
	log.debug("'%s' @%lu COMMIT %s",
	          d.name,
	          sequence(d),
	          debug(batch));

	throw_on_error
	{
		d.d->Write(opts, &batch)
	};
}

std::string
ircd::db::debug(const rocksdb::WriteBatch &batch)
{
	std::string ret;
	ret.resize(511, char());

	const auto size
	{
		snprintf(const_cast<char *>(ret.data()), ret.size() + 1,
		         "%d deltas; size: %zuB :%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s",
		         batch.Count(),
		         batch.GetDataSize(),
		         batch.HasPut()? " PUT" : "",
		         batch.HasDelete()? " DELETE" : "",
		         batch.HasSingleDelete()? " SINGLE_DELETE" : "",
		         batch.HasDeleteRange()? " DELETE_RANGE" : "",
		         batch.HasMerge()? " MERGE" : "",
		         batch.HasBeginPrepare()? " BEGIN_PREPARE" : "",
		         batch.HasEndPrepare()? " END_PREPARE" : "",
		         batch.HasCommit()? " COMMIT" : "",
		         batch.HasRollback()? " ROLLBACK" : "")
	};

	ret.resize(size);
	return ret;
}

bool
ircd::db::has(const rocksdb::WriteBatch &wb,
              const op &op)
{
	switch(op)
	{
		case op::GET:              assert(0); return false;
		case op::SET:              return wb.HasPut();
		case op::MERGE:            return wb.HasMerge();
		case op::DELETE:           return wb.HasDelete();
		case op::DELETE_RANGE:     return wb.HasDeleteRange();
		case op::SINGLE_DELETE:    return wb.HasSingleDelete();
	}

	return false;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// seek
//

namespace ircd::db
{
	static rocksdb::Iterator &_seek_(rocksdb::Iterator &, const rocksdb::Slice &);
	static rocksdb::Iterator &_seek_(rocksdb::Iterator &, const string_view &);
	static rocksdb::Iterator &_seek_(rocksdb::Iterator &, const pos &);
}

std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator>
ircd::db::seek(column &column,
               const string_view &key,
               const gopts &opts)
{
	database &d(column);
	database::column &c(column);

	std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> ret;
	seek(c, key, opts, ret);
	return std::move(ret);
}

template<class pos>
bool
ircd::db::seek(database::column &c,
               const pos &p,
               const gopts &gopts,
               std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> &it)
{
	auto opts
	{
		make_opts(gopts)
	};

	return seek(c, p, opts, it);
}

//
// Seek with offload-safety in case of blocking IO.
//
// The options for an iterator cannot be changed after the iterator is created.
// This slightly complicates our toggling between blocking and non-blocking queries.
//
template<class pos>
bool
ircd::db::seek(database::column &c,
               const pos &p,
               rocksdb::ReadOptions &opts,
               std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> &it)
{
	database &d(*c.d);
	rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle *const &cf(c);

	// The ReadOptions created by make_opts(gopts) always sets NON_BLOCKING
	// mode. The user should never touch this. Only this function will ever
	// deal with iterators in BLOCKING mode.
	assert(opts.read_tier == NON_BLOCKING);

	if(!it)
		it.reset(d.d->NewIterator(opts, cf));

	// Start with a non-blocking query.
	_seek_(*it, p);

	// Branch for query being fulfilled from cache
	if(!it->status().IsIncomplete())
	{
		log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu SEEK %s CACHE HIT %s",
		          name(d),
		          name(c),
		          sequence(d),
		          valid(*it)? "VALID" : "INVALID",
		          it->status().ToString());

		return valid(*it);
	}

	// DB cache miss: create a blocking iterator and offload it.
	rocksdb::ReadOptions blocking_opts(opts);
	blocking_opts.fill_cache = true;
	blocking_opts.read_tier = BLOCKING;
	std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::Iterator> blocking_it
	{
		d.d->NewIterator(blocking_opts, cf)
	};

	ctx::offload([&blocking_it, &it, &p]
	{
		// When the non-blocking iterator cache missed in the middle of an
		// iteration we have to copy its position to the blocking iterator first
		// and then make the next query. In other words, two seeks, because the
		// original seek (p) may be a `pos` and not a key. TODO: this can be
		// avoided if we detect 'p' is a slice and not an increment.
		if(valid(*it))
			_seek_(*blocking_it, it->key());

		if(!valid(*it) || valid(*blocking_it))
			_seek_(*blocking_it, p);
	});

	// When the blocking iterator comes back invalid the result is propagated
	if(!valid(*blocking_it))
	{
		it.reset(rocksdb::NewErrorIterator(blocking_it->status()));
		log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu SEEK %s CACHE MISS %s",
		          name(d),
		          name(c),
		          sequence(d),
		          valid(*it)? "VALID" : "INVALID",
		          it->status().ToString());

		return false;
	}

	// When the blocking iterator comes back valid the result still has to be
	// properly transferred back to the user's non-blocking iterator. RocksDB
	// seems to be forcing us to recreate the iterator after it failed with the
	// status IsIncomplete(). Regardless of reuse, a non-blocking seek must occur
	// to match this iterator with the result -- such a seek may fail again if
	// the blocking_it's data has been evicted from cache between the point the
	// offload took place and the seek for the user's iterator. That may be
	// impossible. But if it ever becomes possible, we reenter this seek()
	// function and enjoy the safety of offloading to try again.
	it.reset(nullptr);
	log.debug("'%s':'%s' @%lu SEEK %s CACHE MISS %s",
	          name(d),
	          name(c),
	          sequence(d),
	          valid(*blocking_it)? "VALID" : "INVALID",
	          blocking_it->status().ToString());

	return seek(c, blocking_it->key(), opts, it);
}

rocksdb::Iterator &
ircd::db::_seek_(rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                 const pos &p)
{
	switch(p)
	{
		case pos::NEXT:     it.Next();           break;
		case pos::PREV:     it.Prev();           break;
		case pos::FRONT:    it.SeekToFirst();    break;
		case pos::BACK:     it.SeekToLast();     break;
		default:
		case pos::END:
		{
			it.SeekToLast();
			if(it.Valid())
				it.Next();

			break;
		}
	}

	return it;
}

rocksdb::Iterator &
ircd::db::_seek_(rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                 const string_view &sv)
{
	return _seek_(it, slice(sv));
}

rocksdb::Iterator &
ircd::db::_seek_(rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                 const rocksdb::Slice &sk)
{
	it.Seek(sk);
	return it;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Misc
//

std::vector<std::string>
ircd::db::column_names(const std::string &path,
                       const std::string &options)
{
	return column_names(path, database::options{options});
}

std::vector<std::string>
ircd::db::column_names(const std::string &path,
                       const rocksdb::DBOptions &opts)
try
{
	std::vector<std::string> ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::DB::ListColumnFamilies(opts, path, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}
catch(const io_error &e)
{
	return // No database found at path. Assume fresh.
	{
		{ rocksdb::kDefaultColumnFamilyName }
	};
}

ircd::db::database::options::options(const database &d)
:options{d.d->GetDBOptions()}
{
}

ircd::db::database::options::options(const database::column &c)
:options
{
	rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions
	{
		c.d->d->GetOptions(c.handle.get())
	}
}{}

ircd::db::database::options::options(const rocksdb::DBOptions &opts)
{
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetStringFromDBOptions(this, opts)
	};
}

ircd::db::database::options::options(const rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions &opts)
{
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetStringFromColumnFamilyOptions(this, opts)
	};
}

ircd::db::database::options::operator rocksdb::PlainTableOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::PlainTableOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetPlainTableOptionsFromString(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::operator rocksdb::BlockBasedTableOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::BlockBasedTableOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetBlockBasedTableOptionsFromString(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::operator rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetColumnFamilyOptionsFromString(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::operator rocksdb::DBOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::DBOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetDBOptionsFromString(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::operator rocksdb::Options()
const
{
	rocksdb::Options ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetOptionsFromString(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::map::map(const options &o)
{
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::StringToMap(o, this)
	};
}

ircd::db::database::options::map::operator rocksdb::PlainTableOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::PlainTableOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetPlainTableOptionsFromMap(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::map::operator rocksdb::BlockBasedTableOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::BlockBasedTableOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetBlockBasedTableOptionsFromMap(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::map::operator rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetColumnFamilyOptionsFromMap(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

ircd::db::database::options::map::operator rocksdb::DBOptions()
const
{
	rocksdb::DBOptions ret;
	throw_on_error
	{
		rocksdb::GetDBOptionsFromMap(ret, *this, &ret)
	};

	return ret;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Misc
//

template<class... args>
rocksdb::DBOptions
ircd::db::make_dbopts(const std::string &optstr,
                      args&&... a)
{
	std::string _optstr(optstr);
	return make_dbopts(_optstr, std::forward<args>(a)...);
}

rocksdb::DBOptions
ircd::db::make_dbopts(std::string &optstr,
                      bool *const read_only,
                      bool *const fsck)
{
	// RocksDB doesn't parse a read_only option, so we allow that to be added
	// to open the database as read_only and then remove that from the string.
	if(read_only)
		*read_only = optstr_find_and_remove(optstr, "read_only=true;"s);

	// We also allow the user to specify fsck=true to run a repair operation on
	// the db. This may be expensive to do by default every startup.
	if(fsck)
		*fsck = optstr_find_and_remove(optstr, "fsck=true;"s);

	// Generate RocksDB options from string
	rocksdb::DBOptions opts
	{
		database::options(optstr)
	};

	return opts;
}

bool
ircd::db::optstr_find_and_remove(std::string &optstr,
                                 const std::string &what)
{
	const auto pos(optstr.find(what));
	if(pos == std::string::npos)
		return false;

	optstr.erase(pos, what.size());
	return true;
}

rocksdb::ReadOptions
ircd::db::make_opts(const gopts &opts,
                    const bool &iterator)
{
	rocksdb::ReadOptions ret;
	ret.snapshot = opts.snapshot;
	ret.read_tier = NON_BLOCKING;
	ret.prefix_same_as_start = true;
	//ret.total_order_seek = true;
	//ret.iterate_upper_bound = nullptr;

	if(iterator)
	{
		ret.fill_cache = false;
		ret.readahead_size = 4_KiB;
	}
	else ret.fill_cache = true;

	for(const auto &opt : opts) switch(opt.first)
	{
		case get::PIN:
			ret.pin_data = true;
			continue;

		case get::CACHE:
			ret.fill_cache = true;
			continue;

		case get::NO_CACHE:
			ret.fill_cache = false;
			continue;

		case get::NO_SNAPSHOT:
			ret.tailing = true;
			continue;

		case get::NO_CHECKSUM:
			ret.verify_checksums = false;
			continue;

		case get::READAHEAD:
			ret.readahead_size = opt.second;
			continue;

		case get::ALL_PREFIX:
			ret.prefix_same_as_start = false;
			continue;

		default:
			continue;
	}

	return ret;
}

rocksdb::WriteOptions
ircd::db::make_opts(const sopts &opts)
{
	rocksdb::WriteOptions ret;
	for(const auto &opt : opts) switch(opt.first)
	{
		case set::FSYNC:
			ret.sync = true;
			continue;

		case set::NO_JOURNAL:
			ret.disableWAL = true;
			continue;

		case set::MISSING_COLUMNS:
			ret.ignore_missing_column_families = true;
			continue;

		default:
			continue;
	}

	return ret;
}

void
ircd::db::valid_eq_or_throw(const rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                            const string_view &sv)
{
	if(!valid_eq(it, sv))
	{
		throw_on_error(it.status());
		throw not_found();
	}
}

void
ircd::db::valid_or_throw(const rocksdb::Iterator &it)
{
	if(!valid(it))
	{
		throw_on_error(it.status());
		throw not_found();
		//assert(0); // status == ok + !Valid() == ???
	}
}

bool
ircd::db::valid_lte(const rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                    const string_view &sv)
{
	return valid(it, [&sv](const auto &it)
	{
		return it.key().compare(slice(sv)) <= 0;
	});
}

bool
ircd::db::valid_gt(const rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                   const string_view &sv)
{
	return valid(it, [&sv](const auto &it)
	{
		return it.key().compare(slice(sv)) > 0;
	});
}

bool
ircd::db::valid_eq(const rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                   const string_view &sv)
{
	return valid(it, [&sv](const auto &it)
	{
		return it.key().compare(slice(sv)) == 0;
	});
}

bool
ircd::db::valid(const rocksdb::Iterator &it,
                const valid_proffer &proffer)
{
	return valid(it)? proffer(it) : false;
}

bool
ircd::db::operator!(const rocksdb::Iterator &it)
{
	return !valid(it);
}

bool
ircd::db::valid(const rocksdb::Iterator &it)
{
	switch(it.status().code())
	{
		using rocksdb::Status;

		case Status::kOk:          break;
		case Status::kNotFound:    break;
		case Status::kIncomplete:  break;
		default:
			throw_on_error(it.status());
			__builtin_unreachable();
	}

	return it.Valid();
}

ircd::db::throw_on_error::throw_on_error(const rocksdb::Status &s)
{
	using rocksdb::Status;

	switch(s.code())
	{
		case Status::kOk:                   return;
		case Status::kNotFound:             throw not_found("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kCorruption:           throw corruption("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kNotSupported:         throw not_supported("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kInvalidArgument:      throw invalid_argument("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kIOError:              throw io_error("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kMergeInProgress:      throw merge_in_progress("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kIncomplete:           throw incomplete("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kShutdownInProgress:   throw shutdown_in_progress("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kTimedOut:             throw timed_out("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kAborted:              throw aborted("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kBusy:                 throw busy("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kExpired:              throw expired("%s", s.ToString());
		case Status::kTryAgain:             throw try_again("%s", s.ToString());
		default:
			throw error("code[%d] %s", s.code(), s.ToString());
	}
}

std::vector<std::string>
ircd::db::available()
{
	const auto prefix(fs::get(fs::DB));
	const auto dirs(fs::ls(prefix));
	return dirs;
}

std::string
ircd::db::path(const std::string &name)
{
	const auto prefix(fs::get(fs::DB));
	return fs::make_path({prefix, name});
}

std::pair<ircd::string_view, ircd::string_view>
ircd::db::operator*(const rocksdb::Iterator &it)
{
	return { key(it), val(it) };
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::key(const rocksdb::Iterator &it)
{
	return slice(it.key());
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::val(const rocksdb::Iterator &it)
{
	return slice(it.value());
}

rocksdb::Slice
ircd::db::slice(const string_view &sv)
{
	return { sv.data(), sv.size() };
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::slice(const rocksdb::Slice &sk)
{
	return { sk.data(), sk.size() };
}

const std::string &
ircd::db::reflect(const rocksdb::Tickers &type)
{
	const auto &names(rocksdb::TickersNameMap);
	const auto it(std::find_if(begin(names), end(names), [&type]
	(const auto &pair)
	{
		return pair.first == type;
	}));

	static const auto empty{"<ticker>?????"s};
	return it != end(names)? it->second : empty;
}

const std::string &
ircd::db::reflect(const rocksdb::Histograms &type)
{
	const auto &names(rocksdb::HistogramsNameMap);
	const auto it(std::find_if(begin(names), end(names), [&type]
	(const auto &pair)
	{
		return pair.first == type;
	}));

	static const auto empty{"<histogram>?????"s};
	return it != end(names)? it->second : empty;
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::reflect(const pos &pos)
{
	switch(pos)
	{
		case pos::NEXT:     return "NEXT";
		case pos::PREV:     return "PREV";
		case pos::FRONT:    return "FRONT";
		case pos::BACK:     return "BACK";
		case pos::END:      return "END";
	}

	return "?????";
}

ircd::string_view
ircd::db::reflect(const op &op)
{
	switch(op)
	{
		case op::GET:             return "GET";
		case op::SET:             return "SET";
		case op::MERGE:           return "MERGE";
		case op::DELETE_RANGE:    return "DELETE_RANGE";
		case op::DELETE:          return "DELETE";
		case op::SINGLE_DELETE:   return "SINGLE_DELETE";
	}

	return "?????";
}

bool
ircd::db::value_required(const op &op)
{
	switch(op)
	{
		case op::SET:
		case op::MERGE:
		case op::DELETE_RANGE:
			return true;

		case op::GET:
		case op::DELETE:
		case op::SINGLE_DELETE:
			return false;
	}

	assert(0);
	return false;
}