diff --git a/include/ircd/json.h b/include/ircd/json.h
index bc3276b0c..c40dcd7b7 100644
--- a/include/ircd/json.h
+++ b/include/ircd/json.h
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ namespace ircd::json
 	struct object;
 	struct value;
 	struct index;
-	struct builder;
+	struct iov;
 
 	enum type
 	{
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace ircd::json
 #include "json/member.h"
 #include "json/index.h"
 #include "json/property.h"
-#include "json/builder.h"
+#include "json/iov.h"
 #include "json/tuple.h"
 
 namespace ircd
diff --git a/include/ircd/json/builder.h b/include/ircd/json/builder.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a4ad8dfe5..000000000
--- a/include/ircd/json/builder.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 Charybdis Development Team
- * Copyright (C) 2017 Jason Volk <jason@zemos.net>
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice is present in all copies.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
- * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
- * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
- * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
- * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
- * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
- * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
- * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
- * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-#define HAVE_IRCD_JSON_BUILDER_H
-
-// ircd::json::builder is forward list to compose JSON dynamically and
-// efficiently on the stack. The product of the builder is an iteration of the
-// added members for use by stringifying and iovectoring. This gathers the
-// members on a trip up the stack without rewriting a JSON string at each frame.
-//
-namespace ircd::json
-{
-	struct builder;
-
-	using member_closure = std::function<void (const member &)>;
-	using member_closure_bool = std::function<bool (const member &)>;
-	using builder_closure_bool = std::function<bool (const builder &)>;
-
-	builder *head(builder *const &);
-	builder *next(builder *const &);
-	builder *prev(builder *const &);
-	builder *tail(builder *);
-	builder *find(builder *, const builder_closure_bool &);
-
-	const builder *head(const builder *const &);
-	const builder *next(const builder *const &);
-	const builder *prev(const builder *const &);
-	const builder *tail(const builder *);
-	const builder *find(const builder *, const builder_closure_bool &);
-
-	void for_each(const builder &, const member_closure &);
-	bool until(const builder &, const member_closure_bool &);
-	size_t count(const builder &, const member_closure_bool &);
-	size_t count(const builder &);
-}
-
-struct ircd::json::builder
-{
-	struct add;
-	struct set;
-	struct push;
-
-	IRCD_EXCEPTION(json::error, error);
-	IRCD_EXCEPTION(error, exists);
-
-	member m;
-	const members *ms;
-	builder *head;
-	builder *child;
-
-	bool test(const member_closure_bool &) const;
-
-	// recursive!
-	const member *find(const string_view &key) const;
-	const json::value &at(const string_view &key) const;
-	bool has(const string_view &key) const;
-
-	builder(member m = {},
-	        const members *const &ms = nullptr,
-	        builder *const &head = nullptr,
-	        builder *const &child = nullptr)
-	:m{std::move(m)}
-	,ms{ms}
-	,head{head}
-	,child{child}
-	{}
-
-	builder(const members &ms)
-	:builder{{}, &ms}
-	{}
-
-	builder(member m)
-	:builder{std::move(m)}
-	{}
-
-	friend string_view stringify(mutable_buffer &, const builder &);
-};
-
-struct ircd::json::builder::push
-:private ircd::json::builder
-{
-	push(builder &head, const members &ms)
-	:builder{{}, &ms, &head}
-	{
-		tail(&head)->child = this;
-	}
-
-	push(builder &head, member m)
-	:builder{std::move(m), nullptr, &head}
-	{
-		tail(&head)->child = this;
-	}
-};
-
-struct ircd::json::builder::add
-:private ircd::json::builder
-{
-	add(builder &head, const members &ms);
-	add(builder &head, member member);
-};
-
-struct ircd::json::builder::set
-:private ircd::json::builder
-{
-	set(builder &head, const members &ms);
-	set(builder &head, member member);
-};
-
-inline ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::find(builder *builder,
-                 const builder_closure_bool &test)
-{
-	for(; builder; builder = next(builder))
-		if(test(*builder))
-			return builder;
-
-	return nullptr;
-}
-
-inline const ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::find(const builder *builder,
-                 const builder_closure_bool &test)
-{
-	for(; builder; builder = next(builder))
-		if(test(*builder))
-			return builder;
-
-	return nullptr;
-}
-
-inline ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::tail(builder *ret)
-{
-	while(ret && next(ret))
-		ret = next(ret);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-inline const ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::tail(const builder *ret)
-{
-	while(ret && next(ret))
-		ret = next(ret);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-inline ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::prev(builder *const &builder)
-{
-	assert(builder);
-	auto *ret(builder->head);
-	for(; ret; ret = next(ret))
-		if(next(ret) == builder)
-			return ret;
-
-	return nullptr;
-}
-
-inline const ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::prev(const builder *const &builder)
-{
-	assert(builder);
-	const auto *ret(builder->head);
-	for(; ret; ret = next(ret))
-		if(next(ret) == builder)
-			return ret;
-
-	return nullptr;
-}
-
-inline ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::next(builder *const &builder)
-{
-	assert(builder);
-	return builder->child;
-}
-
-inline const ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::next(const builder *const &builder)
-{
-	assert(builder);
-	return builder->child;
-}
-
-inline ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::head(builder *const &builder)
-{
-	assert(builder);
-	return builder->head;
-}
-
-inline const ircd::json::builder *
-ircd::json::head(const builder *const &builder)
-{
-	assert(builder);
-	return builder->head;
-}
diff --git a/include/ircd/json/iov.h b/include/ircd/json/iov.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9834f23eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ircd/json/iov.h
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Charybdis Development Team
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Jason Volk <jason@zemos.net>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice is present in all copies.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+ * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+ * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
+ * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+#define HAVE_IRCD_JSON_IOV_H
+
+// ircd::json::iov is forward list to compose JSON dynamically and
+// efficiently on the stack. The product of the iov is an iteration of the
+// added members for use by stringifying and iovectoring. This gathers the
+// members on a trip up the stack without rewriting a JSON string at each frame.
+//
+namespace ircd::json
+{
+	struct iov;
+
+	using member_closure = std::function<void (const member &)>;
+	using member_closure_bool = std::function<bool (const member &)>;
+	using iov_closure_bool = std::function<bool (const iov &)>;
+
+	iov *head(iov *const &);
+	iov *next(iov *const &);
+	iov *prev(iov *const &);
+	iov *tail(iov *);
+	iov *find(iov *, const iov_closure_bool &);
+
+	const iov *head(const iov *const &);
+	const iov *next(const iov *const &);
+	const iov *prev(const iov *const &);
+	const iov *tail(const iov *);
+	const iov *find(const iov *, const iov_closure_bool &);
+
+	void for_each(const iov &, const member_closure &);
+	bool until(const iov &, const member_closure_bool &);
+	size_t count(const iov &, const member_closure_bool &);
+	size_t count(const iov &);
+}
+
+struct ircd::json::iov
+{
+	struct add;
+	struct set;
+	struct push;
+
+	IRCD_EXCEPTION(json::error, error);
+	IRCD_EXCEPTION(error, exists);
+
+	iov *head {nullptr};
+	iov *child {nullptr};
+	const member *b {nullptr};
+	const member *e {nullptr};
+	member m;
+
+	bool test(const member_closure_bool &) const;
+
+	// recursive!
+	const member *find(const string_view &key) const;
+	const json::value &at(const string_view &key) const;
+	bool has(const string_view &key) const;
+
+	iov(iov *const &head,
+	    iov *const &child,
+	    member m)
+	:head{head}
+	,child{child}
+	,m{std::move(m)}
+	{}
+
+	iov(iov *const &head,
+	    iov *const &child,
+	    const member *const &begin,
+	    const member *const &end)
+	:head{head}
+	,child{child}
+	,b{begin}
+	,e{end}
+	{}
+
+	iov(iov *const &head,
+	    iov *const &child,
+	    const members &ms)
+	:head{head}
+	,child{child}
+	,b{std::begin(ms)}
+	,e{std::end(ms)}
+	{}
+
+	iov(const members &ms)
+	:iov{nullptr, nullptr, std::begin(ms), std::end(ms)}
+	{}
+
+	iov(member m = {})
+	:iov{nullptr, nullptr, std::move(m)}
+	{}
+
+	friend string_view stringify(mutable_buffer &, const iov &);
+};
+
+struct ircd::json::iov::push
+:private ircd::json::iov
+{
+	template<class... args>
+	push(iov &head, args&&... a)
+	:iov{&head, nullptr, std::forward<args>(a)...}
+	{
+		tail(&head)->child = this;
+	}
+};
+
+struct ircd::json::iov::add
+:private ircd::json::iov
+{
+	add(iov &head, const members &ms);
+	add(iov &head, member member);
+};
+
+struct ircd::json::iov::set
+:private ircd::json::iov
+{
+	set(iov &head, const members &ms);
+	set(iov &head, member member);
+};
+
+inline ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::find(iov *iov,
+                 const iov_closure_bool &test)
+{
+	for(; iov; iov = next(iov))
+		if(test(*iov))
+			return iov;
+
+	return nullptr;
+}
+
+inline const ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::find(const iov *iov,
+                 const iov_closure_bool &test)
+{
+	for(; iov; iov = next(iov))
+		if(test(*iov))
+			return iov;
+
+	return nullptr;
+}
+
+inline ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::tail(iov *ret)
+{
+	while(ret && next(ret))
+		ret = next(ret);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+inline const ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::tail(const iov *ret)
+{
+	while(ret && next(ret))
+		ret = next(ret);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+inline ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::prev(iov *const &iov)
+{
+	assert(iov);
+	auto *ret(iov->head);
+	for(; ret; ret = next(ret))
+		if(next(ret) == iov)
+			return ret;
+
+	return nullptr;
+}
+
+inline const ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::prev(const iov *const &iov)
+{
+	assert(iov);
+	const auto *ret(iov->head);
+	for(; ret; ret = next(ret))
+		if(next(ret) == iov)
+			return ret;
+
+	return nullptr;
+}
+
+inline ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::next(iov *const &iov)
+{
+	assert(iov);
+	return iov->child;
+}
+
+inline const ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::next(const iov *const &iov)
+{
+	assert(iov);
+	return iov->child;
+}
+
+inline ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::head(iov *const &iov)
+{
+	assert(iov);
+	return iov->head;
+}
+
+inline const ircd::json::iov *
+ircd::json::head(const iov *const &iov)
+{
+	assert(iov);
+	return iov->head;
+}
diff --git a/include/ircd/json/tuple.h b/include/ircd/json/tuple.h
index bfbbe00be..9230fcdfd 100644
--- a/include/ircd/json/tuple.h
+++ b/include/ircd/json/tuple.h
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ struct tuple
 	static constexpr size_t size();
 
 	tuple(const json::object &);
-	tuple(const json::builder &);
+	tuple(const json::iov &);
 	tuple(const std::initializer_list<member> &);
 	tuple() = default;
 };
@@ -580,12 +580,24 @@ tuple<T...>::tuple(const json::object &object)
 }
 
 template<class... T>
-tuple<T...>::tuple(const json::builder &builder)
+tuple<T...>::tuple(const json::iov &iov)
 {
 	//TODO: is tcmalloc zero-initializing all tuple elements, or is something else doing that?
-	for_each(builder, [this]
+	for_each(iov, [this]
 	(const auto &member)
 	{
+		switch(type(member.second))
+		{
+			case type::STRING:
+			case type::OBJECT:
+			case type::ARRAY:
+				if(unlikely(!member.second.serial))
+					throw print_error("iov member '%s' must be JSON to be used by the tuple",
+					                  string_view{member.first});
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+
 		at(*this, member.first, [&member]
 		(auto &target)
 		{
diff --git a/include/ircd/m/events.h b/include/ircd/m/events.h
index f26859274..cc88c77e1 100644
--- a/include/ircd/m/events.h
+++ b/include/ircd/m/events.h
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ namespace ircd::m::events
 	const_iterator begin();
 	const_iterator end();
 
-	void insert(event &);
 	void insert(const event &);
+	void insert(json::iov &);
 }
 
 struct ircd::m::events::transition
diff --git a/include/ircd/m/room.h b/include/ircd/m/room.h
index 6c419779f..f07604c01 100644
--- a/include/ircd/m/room.h
+++ b/include/ircd/m/room.h
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ struct ircd::m::room
 
 	bool is_member(const m::id::user &, const string_view &membership = "join");
 
-	void membership(const m::id::user &, const json::builder &content);
-	void join(const m::id::user &, const json::builder &content);
+	bool is_member(const m::id::user &, const string_view &membership = "join");
+	void membership(const m::id::user &, json::iov &content);
+	void join(const m::id::user &, json::iov &content);
 
 	room(const id::room &room_id);
 	room(const id::alias &alias);
diff --git a/include/ircd/resource.h b/include/ircd/resource.h
index 7c9d8b33e..6af24dca5 100644
--- a/include/ircd/resource.h
+++ b/include/ircd/resource.h
@@ -93,8 +93,9 @@ struct ircd::resource::response
 {
 	response(client &, const string_view &str, const string_view &ct = "text/plain; charset=utf8", const http::code & = http::OK);
 	response(client &, const json::object & = "{}", const http::code & = http::OK);
-	response(client &, const json::members &, const http::code & = http::OK);
-	response(client &, const http::code &, const json::members &);
+	response(client &, const json::iov &, const http::code & = http::OK);
+	response(client &, const http::code &, const json::iov &);
+	response(client &, const http::code &);
 	response() = default;
 };
 
diff --git a/ircd/json.cc b/ircd/json.cc
index ef7e4aa6a..9f3d4f5c0 100644
--- a/ircd/json.cc
+++ b/ircd/json.cc
@@ -1414,18 +1414,18 @@ ircd::json::type(const string_view &buf,
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 //
-// builder.h
+// iov.h
 //
 
 ircd::string_view
 ircd::json::stringify(mutable_buffer &head,
-                      const builder &builder)
+                      const iov &iov)
 {
-	const auto num{count(builder)};
+	const auto num{count(iov)};
 	const member *m[num];
 
 	size_t i(0);
-	for_each(builder, [&i, &m]
+	for_each(iov, [&i, &m]
 	(const auto &member)
 	{
 		m[i++] = &member;
@@ -1435,9 +1435,9 @@ ircd::json::stringify(mutable_buffer &head,
 }
 
 size_t
-ircd::json::count(const builder &builder)
+ircd::json::count(const iov &iov)
 {
-	return count(builder, []
+	return count(iov, []
 	(const auto &)
 	{
 		return true;
@@ -1445,11 +1445,11 @@ ircd::json::count(const builder &builder)
 }
 
 size_t
-ircd::json::count(const builder &builder,
+ircd::json::count(const iov &iov,
                   const member_closure_bool &closure)
 {
 	size_t ret(0);
-	for_each(builder, [&closure, &ret]
+	for_each(iov, [&closure, &ret]
 	(const auto &member)
 	{
 		ret += closure(member);
@@ -1459,11 +1459,11 @@ ircd::json::count(const builder &builder,
 }
 
 void
-ircd::json::for_each(const builder &b,
+ircd::json::for_each(const iov &b,
                      const member_closure &closure)
 {
-	if(b.ms)
-		std::for_each(begin(*b.ms), end(*b.ms), closure);
+	if(b.b)
+		std::for_each(b.b, b.e, closure);
 	else if(!b.m.first.empty())
 		closure(b.m);
 
@@ -1472,12 +1472,12 @@ ircd::json::for_each(const builder &b,
 }
 
 bool
-ircd::json::until(const builder &b,
+ircd::json::until(const iov &b,
                   const member_closure_bool &closure)
 {
-	if(b.ms)
+	if(b.b && b.e)
 	{
-		if(!ircd::until(begin(*b.ms), end(*b.ms), closure))
+		if(!ircd::until(b.b, b.e, closure))
 			return false;
 	}
 	else if(!b.m.first.empty() && !closure(b.m))
@@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@ ircd::json::until(const builder &b,
 }
 
 bool
-ircd::json::builder::has(const string_view &key)
+ircd::json::iov::has(const string_view &key)
 const
 {
 	const auto *const member(find(key));
@@ -1498,7 +1498,7 @@ const
 }
 
 const ircd::json::value &
-ircd::json::builder::at(const string_view &key)
+ircd::json::iov::at(const string_view &key)
 const
 {
 	const auto *const member(find(key));
@@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ const
 }
 
 const ircd::json::member *
-ircd::json::builder::find(const string_view &key)
+ircd::json::iov::find(const string_view &key)
 const
 {
 	const member *ret;
@@ -1530,11 +1530,11 @@ const
 }
 
 bool
-ircd::json::builder::test(const member_closure_bool &closure)
+ircd::json::iov::test(const member_closure_bool &closure)
 const
 {
-	if(ms)
-		return ircd::until(begin(*ms), end(*ms), closure);
+	if(b && likely(e))
+		return ircd::until(b, e, closure);
 
 	if(!m.first.empty())
 		return closure(m);
@@ -1542,10 +1542,10 @@ const
 	return true;
 }
 
-ircd::json::builder::add::add(builder &head, const members &ms)
-:builder{{}, &ms, &head}
+ircd::json::iov::add::add(iov &head, const members &ms)
+:iov{&head, nullptr, ms}
 {
-	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&ms](const builder &existing)
+	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&ms](const iov &existing)
 	{
 		return existing.test([&ms](const member &existing)
 		{
@@ -1564,10 +1564,10 @@ ircd::json::builder::add::add(builder &head, const members &ms)
 	tail(&head)->child = this;
 }
 
-ircd::json::builder::add::add(builder &head, member member)
-:builder{std::move(member), nullptr, &head}
+ircd::json::iov::add::add(iov &head, member member)
+:iov{&head, nullptr, std::move(member)}
 {
-	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&member](const builder &existing)
+	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&member](const iov &existing)
 	{
 		return existing.test([&member](const auto &existing)
 		{
@@ -1582,10 +1582,10 @@ ircd::json::builder::add::add(builder &head, member member)
 	tail(&head)->child = this;
 }
 
-ircd::json::builder::set::set(builder &head, const members &ms)
-:builder{{}, &ms, &head}
+ircd::json::iov::set::set(iov &head, const members &ms)
+:iov{&head, nullptr, ms}
 {
-	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&ms](const builder &existing)
+	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&ms](const iov &existing)
 	{
 		return existing.test([&ms](const member &existing)
 		{
@@ -1609,10 +1609,10 @@ ircd::json::builder::set::set(builder &head, const members &ms)
 	else tail(&head)->child = this;
 }
 
-ircd::json::builder::set::set(builder &head, member member)
-:builder{std::move(member), nullptr, &head}
+ircd::json::iov::set::set(iov &head, member member)
+:iov{&head, nullptr, std::move(member)}
 {
-	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&member](const builder &existing)
+	const auto existing(json::find(&head, [&member](const iov &existing)
 	{
 		return existing.test([&member](const auto &existing)
 		{
diff --git a/ircd/matrix.cc b/ircd/matrix.cc
index a45cae93e..df4c2ce22 100644
--- a/ircd/matrix.cc
+++ b/ircd/matrix.cc
@@ -248,29 +248,24 @@ namespace ircd::m::events
 ircd::database *ircd::m::events::events;
 
 void
-ircd::m::events::insert(json::builder &builder)
+ircd::m::events::insert(json::iov &iov)
 {
 	const id::event::buf generated_event_id
 	{
-		builder.has("event_id")? id::event::buf{} : id::event::buf{id::generate, "cdc.z"}
+		iov.has("event_id")? id::event::buf{} : id::event::buf{id::generate, "cdc.z"}
 	};
 
-	const json::builder::add event_id
+	const json::iov::add event_id
 	{
-		builder, { "event_id", generated_event_id }
+		iov, { "event_id", generated_event_id }
 	};
 
-	const json::builder::set event_id2
+	const json::iov::add origin_server_ts
 	{
-		builder, { "event_id", generated_event_id }
+		iov, { "origin_server_ts", time<milliseconds>() }
 	};
 
-	const json::builder::add origin_server_ts
-	{
-		builder, { "origin_server_ts", time<milliseconds>() }
-	};
-
-	insert(event{builder});
+	insert(event{iov});
 }
 
 void
@@ -408,9 +403,9 @@ ircd::m::events::write(const event &event)
 
 void
 ircd::m::room::join(const m::id::user &user_id,
-                    json::builder &content)
+                    json::iov &content)
 {
-	json::builder::set membership_join
+	json::iov::set membership_join
 	{
 		content, { "membership", "join" }
 	};
@@ -420,7 +415,7 @@ ircd::m::room::join(const m::id::user &user_id,
 
 void
 ircd::m::room::membership(const m::id::user &user_id,
-                          json::builder &content)
+                          json::iov &content)
 {
 	if(is_member(user_id, content.at("membership")))
 		throw m::ALREADY_MEMBER
@@ -434,17 +429,15 @@ ircd::m::room::membership(const m::id::user &user_id,
 		stringify(buffer, content)
 	};
 
-	json::builder event;
-	json::builder::set fields{event,
+	json::iov event
 	{
-		{ "room_id",      room_id          },
 		{ "type",         "m.room.member"  },
 		{ "state_key",    user_id          },
 		{ "sender",       user_id          },
 		{ "content",      printed_content  }
-	}};
+	};
 
-	m::events::insert(event);
+	send(event);
 }
 
 bool
diff --git a/ircd/resource.cc b/ircd/resource.cc
index edbe4da78..e4ef133d9 100644
--- a/ircd/resource.cc
+++ b/ircd/resource.cc
@@ -247,13 +247,19 @@ ircd::resource::request::request(const http::request::head &head,
 
 ircd::resource::response::response(client &client,
                                    const http::code &code,
-                                   const json::members &members)
+                                   const json::iov &members)
 :response{client, members, code}
 {
 }
 
 ircd::resource::response::response(client &client,
-                                   const json::members &members,
+                                   const http::code &code)
+:response{client, json::object{"{}"}, code}
+{
+}
+
+ircd::resource::response::response(client &client,
+                                   const json::iov &members,
                                    const http::code &code)
 try
 {