# Options for Program Settings {#sec-settings-options} Many programs have configuration files where program-specific settings can be declared. File formats can be separated into two categories: - Nix-representable ones: These can trivially be mapped to a subset of Nix syntax. E.g. JSON is an example, since its values like `{"foo":{"bar":10}}` can be mapped directly to Nix: `{ foo = { bar = 10; }; }`. Other examples are INI, YAML and TOML. The following section explains the convention for these settings. - Non-nix-representable ones: These can't be trivially mapped to a subset of Nix syntax. Most generic programming languages are in this group, e.g. bash, since the statement `if true; then echo hi; fi` doesn't have a trivial representation in Nix. Currently there are no fixed conventions for these, but it is common to have a `configFile` option for setting the configuration file path directly. The default value of `configFile` can be an auto-generated file, with convenient options for controlling the contents. For example an option of type `attrsOf str` can be used for representing environment variables which generates a section like `export FOO="foo"`. Often it can also be useful to also include an `extraConfig` option of type `lines` to allow arbitrary text after the autogenerated part of the file. ## Nix-representable Formats (JSON, YAML, TOML, INI, ...) {#sec-settings-nix-representable} By convention, formats like this are handled with a generic `settings` option, representing the full program configuration as a Nix value. The type of this option should represent the format. The most common formats have a predefined type and string generator already declared under `pkgs.formats`: `pkgs.formats.javaProperties` { *`comment`* ? `"Generated with Nix"` } : A function taking an attribute set with values `comment` : A string to put at the start of the file in a comment. It can have multiple lines. It returns the `type`: `attrsOf str` and a function `generate` to build a Java `.properties` file, taking care of the correct escaping, etc. `pkgs.formats.hocon` { *`generator`* ? ``, *`validator`* ? ``, *`doCheck`* ? true } : A function taking an attribute set with values `generator` : A derivation used for converting the JSON output from the nix settings into HOCON. This might be useful if your HOCON variant is slightly different from the java-based one, or for testing purposes. `validator` : A derivation used for verifying that the HOCON output is correct and parsable. This might be useful if your HOCON variant is slightly different from the java-based one, or for testing purposes. `doCheck` : Whether to enable/disable the validator check. It returns an attrset with a `type`, `generate` function, and a `lib` attset, as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). Some of the lib functions will be best understood if you have read the reference specification. You can find this specification here: Inside of `lib`, you will find these functions `mkInclude` : This is used together with a specially named attribute `includes`, to include other HOCON sources into the document. The function has a shorthand variant where it is up to the HOCON parser to figure out what type of include is being used. The include will default to being non-required. If you want to be more explicit about the details of the include, you can provide an attrset with following arguments `required` : Whether the parser should fail upon failure to include the document `type` : Type of the source of the included document. Valid values are `file`, `url` and `classpath`. See upstream documentation for the semantics behind each value `value` : The URI/path/classpath pointing to the source of the document to be included. `Example usage:` ```nix let format = pkgs.formats.hocon { }; hocon_file = pkgs.writeText "to_include.hocon" '' a = 1; ''; in { some.nested.hocon.attrset = { _includes = [ (format.lib.mkInclude hocon_file) (format.lib.mkInclude "https://example.com/to_include.hocon") (format.lib.mkInclude { required = true; type = "file"; value = include_file; }) ]; ... }; } ``` `mkAppend` : This is used to invoke the `+=` operator. This can be useful if you need to add something to a list that is included from outside of nix. See upstream documentation for the semantics behind the `+=` operation. `Example usage:` ```nix let format = pkgs.formats.hocon { }; hocon_file = pkgs.writeText "to_include.hocon" '' a = [ 1 ]; b = [ 2 ]; ''; in { _includes = [ (format.lib.mkInclude hocon_file) ]; c = 3; a = format.lib.mkAppend 3; b = format.lib.mkAppend (format.lib.mkSubstitution "c"); } ``` `mkSubstitution` : This is used to make HOCON substitutions. Similarly to `mkInclude`, this function has a shorthand variant where you just give it the string with the substitution value. The substitution is not optional by default. Alternatively, you can provide an attrset with more options `optional` : Whether the parser should fail upon failure to fetch the substitution value. `value` : The name of the variable to use for substitution. See upstream documentation for semantics behind the substitution functionality. `Example usage:` ```nix let format = pkgs.formats.hocon { }; in { a = 1; b = format.lib.mkSubstitution "a"; c = format.lib.mkSubstition "SOME_ENVVAR"; d = format.lib.mkSubstition { value = "SOME_OPTIONAL_ENVVAR"; optional = true; }; } ``` `Implementation notes:` - classpath includes are not implemented in pyhocon, which is used for validating the HOCON output. This means that if you are using classpath includes, you will want to either use an alternative validator or set `doCheck = false` in the format options. `pkgs.formats.libconfig` { *`generator`* ? ``, *`validator`* ? `` } : A function taking an attribute set with values `generator` : A derivation used for converting the JSON output from the nix settings into libconfig. This might be useful if your libconfig variant is slightly different from the original one, or for testing purposes. `validator` : A derivation used for verifying that the libconfig output is correct and parsable. This might be useful if your libconfig variant is slightly different from the original one, or for testing purposes. It returns an attrset with a `type`, `generate` function, and a `lib` attset, as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). Some of the lib functions will be best understood if you have read the reference specification. You can find this specification here: Inside of `lib`, you will find these functions `mkHex`, `mkOctal`, `mkFloat` : Use these to specify numbers in other formats. `Example usage:` ```nix let format = pkgs.formats.libconfig { }; in { myHexValue = format.lib.mkHex "0x1FC3"; myOctalValue = format.lib.mkOctal "0027"; myFloatValue = format.lib.mkFloat "1.2E-3"; } ``` `mkArray`, `mkList` : Use these to differentiate between whether a nix list should be considered as a libconfig array or a libconfig list. See the upstream documentation for the semantics behind these types. `Example usage:` ```nix let format = pkgs.formats.libconfig { }; in { myList = format.lib.mkList [ "foo" 1 true ]; myArray = format.lib.mkArray [ 1 2 3 ]; } ``` `Implementation notes:` - Since libconfig does not allow setting names to start with an underscore, this is used as a prefix for both special types and include directives. - The difference between 32bit and 64bit values became optional in libconfig 1.5, so we assume 64bit values for all numbers. `pkgs.formats.json` { } : A function taking an empty attribute set (for future extensibility) and returning a set with JSON-specific attributes `type` and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). `pkgs.formats.yaml` { } : A function taking an empty attribute set (for future extensibility) and returning a set with YAML-specific attributes `type` and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). `pkgs.formats.ini` { *`listsAsDuplicateKeys`* ? false, *`listToValue`* ? null, \.\.\. } : A function taking an attribute set with values `listsAsDuplicateKeys` : A boolean for controlling whether list values can be used to represent duplicate INI keys `listToValue` : A function for turning a list of values into a single value. It returns a set with INI-specific attributes `type` and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). The type of the input is an *attrset* of sections; key-value pairs where the key is the section name and the value is the corresponding content which is also an *attrset* of key-value pairs for the actual key-value mappings of the INI format. The values of the INI atoms are subject to the above parameters (e.g. lists may be transformed into multiple key-value pairs depending on `listToValue`). `pkgs.formats.iniWithGlobalSection` { *`listsAsDuplicateKeys`* ? false, *`listToValue`* ? null, \.\.\. } : A function taking an attribute set with values `listsAsDuplicateKeys` : A boolean for controlling whether list values can be used to represent duplicate INI keys `listToValue` : A function for turning a list of values into a single value. It returns a set with INI-specific attributes `type` and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). The type of the input is an *attrset* of the structure `{ sections = {}; globalSection = {}; }` where *sections* are several sections as with *pkgs.formats.ini* and *globalSection* being just a single attrset of key-value pairs for a single section, the global section which preceedes the section definitions. `pkgs.formats.toml` { } : A function taking an empty attribute set (for future extensibility) and returning a set with TOML-specific attributes `type` and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). `pkgs.formats.elixirConf { elixir ? pkgs.elixir }` : A function taking an attribute set with values `elixir` : The Elixir package which will be used to format the generated output It returns a set with Elixir-Config-specific attributes `type`, `lib`, and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). The `lib` attribute contains functions to be used in settings, for generating special Elixir values: `mkRaw elixirCode` : Outputs the given string as raw Elixir code `mkGetEnv { envVariable, fallback ? null }` : Makes the configuration fetch an environment variable at runtime `mkAtom atom` : Outputs the given string as an Elixir atom, instead of the default Elixir binary string. Note: lowercase atoms still needs to be prefixed with `:` `mkTuple array` : Outputs the given array as an Elixir tuple, instead of the default Elixir list `mkMap attrset` : Outputs the given attribute set as an Elixir map, instead of the default Elixir keyword list `pkgs.formats.php { finalVariable }` []{#pkgs-formats-php} : A function taking an attribute set with values `finalVariable` : The variable that will store generated expression (usually `config`). If set to `null`, generated expression will contain `return`. It returns a set with PHP-Config-specific attributes `type`, `lib`, and `generate` as specified [below](#pkgs-formats-result). The `lib` attribute contains functions to be used in settings, for generating special PHP values: `mkRaw phpCode` : Outputs the given string as raw PHP code `mkMixedArray list set` : Creates PHP array that contains both indexed and associative values. For example, `lib.mkMixedArray [ "hello" "world" ] { "nix" = "is-great"; }` returns `['hello', 'world', 'nix' => 'is-great']` []{#pkgs-formats-result} These functions all return an attribute set with these values: `type` : A module system type representing a value of the format `lib` : Utility functions for convenience, or special interactions with the format. This attribute is optional. It may contain inside a `types` attribute containing types specific to this format. `generate` *`filename jsonValue`* : A function that can render a value of the format to a file. Returns a file path. ::: {.note} This function puts the value contents in the Nix store. So this should be avoided for secrets. ::: ::: {#ex-settings-nix-representable .example} ### Module with conventional `settings` option The following shows a module for an example program that uses a JSON configuration file. It demonstrates how above values can be used, along with some other related best practices. See the comments for explanations. ```nix { options, config, lib, pkgs, ... }: let cfg = config.services.foo; # Define the settings format used for this program settingsFormat = pkgs.formats.json {}; in { options.services.foo = { enable = lib.mkEnableOption "foo service"; settings = lib.mkOption { # Setting this type allows for correct merging behavior type = settingsFormat.type; default = {}; description = '' Configuration for foo, see for supported settings. ''; }; }; config = lib.mkIf cfg.enable { # We can assign some default settings here to make the service work by just # enabling it. We use `mkDefault` for values that can be changed without # problems services.foo.settings = { # Fails at runtime without any value set log_level = lib.mkDefault "WARN"; # We assume systemd's `StateDirectory` is used, so we require this value, # therefore no mkDefault data_path = "/var/lib/foo"; # Since we use this to create a user we need to know the default value at # eval time user = lib.mkDefault "foo"; }; environment.etc."foo.json".source = # The formats generator function takes a filename and the Nix value # representing the format value and produces a filepath with that value # rendered in the format settingsFormat.generate "foo-config.json" cfg.settings; # We know that the `user` attribute exists because we set a default value # for it above, allowing us to use it without worries here users.users.${cfg.settings.user} = { isSystemUser = true; }; # ... }; } ``` ::: ### Option declarations for attributes {#sec-settings-attrs-options} Some `settings` attributes may deserve some extra care. They may need a different type, default or merging behavior, or they are essential options that should show their documentation in the manual. This can be done using [](#sec-freeform-modules). We extend above example using freeform modules to declare an option for the port, which will enforce it to be a valid integer and make it show up in the manual. ::: {#ex-settings-typed-attrs .example} ### Declaring a type-checked `settings` attribute ```nix { settings = lib.mkOption { type = lib.types.submodule { freeformType = settingsFormat.type; # Declare an option for the port such that the type is checked and this option # is shown in the manual. options.port = lib.mkOption { type = lib.types.port; default = 8080; description = '' Which port this service should listen on. ''; }; }; default = {}; description = '' Configuration for Foo, see for supported values. ''; }; } ``` :::