Sanity Tests ยป from __future__ boilerplate ========================================== Most Python files should include the following boilerplate at the top of the file, right after the comment header: .. code-block:: python from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function) This uses Python 3 semantics for absolute vs relative imports, division, and print. By doing this, we can write code which is portable between Python 2 and Python 3 by following the Python 3 semantics. absolute_import --------------- When Python 2 encounters an import of a name in a file like ``import copy`` it attempts to load ``copy.py`` from the same directory as the file is in. This can cause problems if there is a python file of that name in the directory and also a python module in ``sys.path`` with that same name. In that case, Python 2 would load the one in the same directory and there would be no way to load the one on ``sys.path``. Python 3 fixes this by making imports absolute by default. ``import copy`` will find ``copy.py`` from ``sys.path``. If you want to import ``copy.py`` from the same directory, the code needs to be changed to perform a relative import: ``from . import copy``. .. seealso:: * `Absolute and relative imports `_ division -------- In Python 2, the division operator (``/``) returns integer values when used with integers. If there was a remainder, this part would be left off (aka, `floor division`). In Python 3, the division operator (``/``) always returns a floating point number. Code that needs to calculate the integer portion of the quotient needs to switch to using the floor division operator (`//`) instead. .. seealso:: * `Changing the division operator `_ print_function -------------- In Python 2, :func:`python:print` is a keyword. In Python 3, :func:`python3:print` is a function with different parameters. Using this ``__future__`` allows using the Python 3 print semantics everywhere. .. seealso:: * `Make print a function `_