.. _patterns: Inventory & Patterns ==================== Ansible works against multiple systems in your infrastructure at the same time. It does this by selecting portions of systems listed in Ansible's inventory file, which defaults to /etc/ansible/hosts. .. contents:: :depth: 2 :backlinks: top .. _inventoryformat: Hosts and Groups ++++++++++++++++ The format for /etc/ansible/hosts is an INI format and looks like this:: mail.example.com [webservers] foo.example.com bar.example.com [dbservers] one.example.com two.example.com three.example.com The things in brackets are group names. You don't have to have them, but they are useful. If you have hosts that run on non-standard SSH ports you can put the port number after the hostname with a colon. Ports listed in any SSH config file won't be read, so it is important that you set them if things are not running on the default port:: badwolf.example.com:5309 Suppose you have just static IPs and want to set up some aliases that don't live in your host file, or you are connecting through tunnels. You can do things like this:: jumper ansible_ssh_port=5555 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.1.50 In the above example, trying to ansible against the host alias "jumper" (which may not even be a real hostname) will contact 192.168.1.50 on port 5555. Adding a lot of hosts? In 0.6 and later, if you have a lot of hosts following similar patterns you can do this rather than listing each hostname:: [webservers] www[01:50].example.com In 1.0 and later, you can also do this for alphabetic ranges:: [databases] db-[a:f].example.com For numeric patterns, leading zeros can be included or removed, as desired. Ranges are inclusive. In 1.1 and later, you can also select the connection type and user on a per host basis:: [targets] localhost ansible_connection=local other1.example.com ansible_connection=ssh ansible_ssh_user=mpdehaan other2.example.com ansible_connection=ssh ansible_ssh_user=mdehaan All of these variables can of course also be set outside of the inventory file, in 'host_vars' if you wish to keep your inventory file simple. List of Reserved Inventory Parameters +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ As a summary, you can set these parameters as host inventory variables. (Some we have already mentioned). ansible_ssh_host The name of the host to connect to, if different from the alias you wish to give to it. ansible_ssh_port The ssh port number, if not 22 ansible_ssh_user The default ssh user name to use. ansible_ssh_pass The ssh password to use (this is insecure, we strongly recommend using --ask-pass or SSH keys) ansible_connection Connection type of the host. Candidates are local, ssh or paramiko. The default is paramiko before Ansible 1.2, and 'smart' afterwards which detects whether usage of 'ssh' would be feasible based on whether ControlPersist is supported. ansible_ssh_private_key_file Private key file used by ssh. Useful if using multiple keys and you don't want to use SSH agent. ansible_syslog_facility The syslog facility to log to. ansible_python_interpreter The target host python path. This is userful for systems with more than one Python or not located at "/usr/bin/python" such as \*BSD, or where /usr/bin/python is not a 2.X series Python. ansible\_\*\_interpreter Works for anything such as ruby or perl and works just like ansible_python_interpreter. This replaces shebang of modules which will run on that host. Examples from a host file:: some_host ansible_ssh_port=2222 ansible_ssh_user=manager aws_host ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/home/example/.ssh/aws.pem freebsd_host ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/local/bin/python ruby_module_host ansible_ruby_interpreter=/usr/bin/ruby.1.9.3 Selecting Targets +++++++++++++++++ We'll go over how to use the command line in :doc:`examples` section, however, basically it looks like this:: ansible -m -a Such as:: ansible webservers -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted" Within :doc:`playbooks`, these patterns can be used for even greater purposes. Anyway, to use Ansible, you'll first need to know how to tell Ansible which hosts in your inventory file to talk to. This is done by designating particular host names or groups of hosts. The following patterns target all hosts in the inventory file:: all * Basically 'all' is an alias for '*'. It is also possible to address a specific host or hosts:: one.example.com one.example.com:two.example.com 192.168.1.50 192.168.1.* The following patterns address one or more groups, which are denoted with the aforementioned bracket headers in the inventory file:: webservers webservers:dbservers You can exclude groups as well, for instance, all webservers not in Phoenix:: webservers:!phoenix You can also specify the intersection of two groups:: webservers:&staging You can do combinations:: webservers:dbservers:!phoenix:&staging You can also use variables:: webservers:!{{excluded}}:&{{required}} Individual host names, IPs and groups, can also be referenced using wildcards:: *.example.com *.com It's also ok to mix wildcard patterns and groups at the same time:: one*.com:dbservers And if the pattern starts with a '~' it is treated as a regular expression:: ~(web|db).*\.example\.com Easy enough. See :doc:`examples` and then :doc:`playbooks` for how to do things to selected hosts. Host Variables ++++++++++++++ It is easy to assign variables to hosts that will be used later in playbooks:: [atlanta] host1 http_port=80 maxRequestsPerChild=808 host2 http_port=303 maxRequestsPerChild=909 Group Variables +++++++++++++++ Variables can also be applied to an entire group at once:: [atlanta] host1 host2 [atlanta:vars] ntp_server=ntp.atlanta.example.com proxy=proxy.atlanta.example.com Groups of Groups, and Group Variables +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ It is also possible to make groups of groups and assign variables to groups. These variables can be used by /usr/bin/ansible-playbook, but not /usr/bin/ansible:: [atlanta] host1 host2 [raleigh] host2 host3 [southeast:children] atlanta raleigh [southeast:vars] some_server=foo.southeast.example.com halon_system_timeout=30 self_destruct_countdown=60 escape_pods=2 [usa:children] southeast northeast southwest southeast If you need to store lists or hash data, or prefer to keep host and group specific variables separate from the inventory file, see the next section. Splitting Out Host and Group Specific Data ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ .. versionadded:: 0.6 In addition to the storing variables directly in the INI file, host and group variables can be stored in individual files relative to the inventory file. These variable files are in YAML format. Assuming the inventory file path is:: /etc/ansible/hosts If the host is named 'foosball', and in groups 'raleigh' and 'webservers', variables in YAML files at the following locations will be made available to the host:: /etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh /etc/ansible/group_vars/webservers /etc/ansible/host_vars/foosball For instance, suppose you have hosts grouped by datacenter, and each datacenter uses some different servers. The data in the groupfile '/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh' for the 'raleigh' group might look like:: --- ntp_server: acme.example.org database_server: storage.example.org It is ok if these files do not exist, this is an optional feature. Tip: In Ansible 1.2 or later the group_vars/ and host_vars/ directories can exist in either the playbook directory OR the inventory directory. If both paths exist, variables in the playbook directory will be loaded second. Tip: Keeping your inventory file and variables in a git repo (or other version control) is an excellent way to track changes to your inventory and host variables. .. versionadded:: 0.5 If you ever have two python interpreters on a system, or your Python version 2 interpreter is not found at /usr/bin/python, set an inventory variable called 'ansible_python_interpreter' to the Python interpreter path you would like to use. .. seealso:: :doc:`examples` Examples of basic commands :doc:`playbooks` Learning ansible's configuration management language `Mailing List `_ Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups `irc.freenode.net `_ #ansible IRC chat channel