3ad9b4cba6
Now we have the following ways to set additional arguments:
1. [ssh_connection]ssh_args in ansible.cfg: global setting, prepended to
every command line for ssh/scp/sftp. Overrides default ControlPersist
settings.
2. ansible_ssh_common_args inventory variable. Appended to every command
line for ssh/scp/sftp. Used in addition to ssh_args, if set above, or
the default settings.
3. ansible_{sftp,scp,ssh}_extra_args inventory variables. Appended to
every command line for the relevant binary only. Used in addition to
#1 and #2, if set above, or the default settings.
3. Using the --ssh-common-args or --{sftp,scp,ssh}-extra-args command
line options (which are overriden by #2 and #3 above).
This preserves backwards compatibility (for ssh_args in ansible.cfg),
but also permits global settings (e.g. ProxyCommand via _common_args) or
ssh-specific options (e.g. -R via ssh_extra_args).
Fixes #12576
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.. _inventory:
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Inventory
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=========
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.. contents:: Topics
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Ansible works against multiple systems in your infrastructure at the
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same time. It does this by selecting portions of systems listed in
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Ansible's inventory file, which defaults to being saved in
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the location /etc/ansible/hosts.
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Not only is this inventory configurable, but you can also use
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multiple inventory files at the same time (explained below) and also
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pull inventory from dynamic or cloud sources, as described in :doc:`intro_dynamic_inventory`.
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.. _inventoryformat:
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Hosts and Groups
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++++++++++++++++
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The format for /etc/ansible/hosts is an INI-like format and looks like this::
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mail.example.com
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[webservers]
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foo.example.com
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bar.example.com
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[dbservers]
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one.example.com
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two.example.com
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three.example.com
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The things in brackets are group names, which are used in classifying systems
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and deciding what systems you are controlling at what times and for what purpose.
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It is ok to put systems in more than one group, for instance a server could be both a webserver and a dbserver.
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If you do, note that variables will come from all of the groups they are a member of, and variable precedence is detailed in a later chapter.
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If you have hosts that run on non-standard SSH ports you can put the port number
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after the hostname with a colon. Ports listed in your SSH config file won't be used with the paramiko
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connection but will be used with the openssh connection.
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To make things explicit, it is suggested that you set them if things are not running on the default port::
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badwolf.example.com:5309
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Suppose you have just static IPs and want to set up some aliases that live in your host file, or you are connecting through tunnels. You can also describe hosts like this::
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jumper ansible_port=5555 ansible_host=192.168.1.50
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In the above example, trying to ansible against the host alias "jumper" (which may not even be a real hostname) will contact 192.168.1.50 on port 5555. Note that this is using a feature of the inventory file to define some special variables. Generally speaking this is not the best
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way to define variables that describe your system policy, but we'll share suggestions on doing this later. We're just getting started.
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Adding a lot of hosts? If you have a lot of hosts following similar patterns you can do this rather than listing each hostname::
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[webservers]
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www[01:50].example.com
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For numeric patterns, leading zeros can be included or removed, as desired. Ranges are inclusive. You can also define alphabetic ranges::
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[databases]
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db-[a:f].example.com
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You can also select the connection type and user on a per host basis::
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[targets]
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localhost ansible_connection=local
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other1.example.com ansible_connection=ssh ansible_user=mpdehaan
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other2.example.com ansible_connection=ssh ansible_user=mdehaan
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As mentioned above, setting these in the inventory file is only a shorthand, and we'll discuss how to store them in individual files
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in the 'host_vars' directory a bit later on.
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.. _host_variables:
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Host Variables
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++++++++++++++
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As alluded to above, it is easy to assign variables to hosts that will be used later in playbooks::
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[atlanta]
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host1 http_port=80 maxRequestsPerChild=808
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host2 http_port=303 maxRequestsPerChild=909
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.. _group_variables:
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Group Variables
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+++++++++++++++
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Variables can also be applied to an entire group at once::
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[atlanta]
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host1
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host2
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[atlanta:vars]
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ntp_server=ntp.atlanta.example.com
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proxy=proxy.atlanta.example.com
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.. _subgroups:
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Groups of Groups, and Group Variables
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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It is also possible to make groups of groups using the ``:children`` suffix. Just like above, you can apply variables using ``:vars``::
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[atlanta]
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host1
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host2
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[raleigh]
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host2
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host3
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[southeast:children]
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atlanta
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raleigh
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[southeast:vars]
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some_server=foo.southeast.example.com
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halon_system_timeout=30
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self_destruct_countdown=60
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escape_pods=2
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[usa:children]
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southeast
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northeast
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southwest
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northwest
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If you need to store lists or hash data, or prefer to keep host and group specific variables
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separate from the inventory file, see the next section.
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.. _splitting_out_vars:
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Splitting Out Host and Group Specific Data
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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The preferred practice in Ansible is actually not to store variables in the main inventory file.
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In addition to storing variables directly in the INI file, host
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and group variables can be stored in individual files relative to the
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inventory file.
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These variable files are in YAML format. Valid file extensions include '.yml', '.yaml', '.json',
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or no file extension. See :doc:`YAMLSyntax` if you are new to YAML.
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Assuming the inventory file path is::
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/etc/ansible/hosts
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If the host is named 'foosball', and in groups 'raleigh' and 'webservers', variables
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in YAML files at the following locations will be made available to the host::
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/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh # can optionally end in '.yml', '.yaml', or '.json'
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/etc/ansible/group_vars/webservers
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/etc/ansible/host_vars/foosball
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For instance, suppose you have hosts grouped by datacenter, and each datacenter
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uses some different servers. The data in the groupfile '/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh' for
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the 'raleigh' group might look like::
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---
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ntp_server: acme.example.org
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database_server: storage.example.org
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It is ok if these files do not exist, as this is an optional feature.
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As an advanced use-case, you can create *directories* named after your groups or hosts, and
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Ansible will read all the files in these directories. An example with the 'raleigh' group::
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/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh/db_settings
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/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh/cluster_settings
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All hosts that are in the 'raleigh' group will have the variables defined in these files
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available to them. This can be very useful to keep your variables organized when a single
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file starts to be too big, or when you want to use :doc:`Ansible Vault<playbooks_vault>` on a part of a group's
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variables. Note that this only works on Ansible 1.4 or later.
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Tip: In Ansible 1.2 or later the group_vars/ and host_vars/ directories can exist in either
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the playbook directory OR the inventory directory. If both paths exist, variables in the playbook
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directory will override variables set in the inventory directory.
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Tip: Keeping your inventory file and variables in a git repo (or other version control)
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is an excellent way to track changes to your inventory and host variables.
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.. _behavioral_parameters:
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List of Behavioral Inventory Parameters
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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As alluded to above, setting the following variables controls how ansible interacts with remote hosts.
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Host connection::
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ansible_connection
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Connection type to the host. Candidates are local, smart, ssh or paramiko. The default is smart.
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SSH connection::
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ansible_host
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The name of the host to connect to, if different from the alias you wish to give to it.
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ansible_port
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The ssh port number, if not 22
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ansible_user
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The default ssh user name to use.
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ansible_ssh_pass
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The ssh password to use (this is insecure, we strongly recommend using --ask-pass or SSH keys)
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ansible_ssh_private_key_file
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Private key file used by ssh. Useful if using multiple keys and you don't want to use SSH agent.
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ansible_ssh_common_args
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This setting is always appended to the default command line for
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sftp, scp, and ssh. Useful to configure a ``ProxyCommand`` for a
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certain host (or group).
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ansible_sftp_extra_args
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This setting is always appended to the default sftp command line.
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ansible_scp_extra_args
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This setting is always appended to the default scp command line.
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ansible_ssh_extra_args
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This setting is always appended to the default ssh command line.
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ansible_ssh_pipelining
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Determines whether or not to use SSH pipelining. This can override the
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``pipelining`` setting in ``ansible.cfg``.
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Privilege escalation (see :doc:`Ansible Privilege Escalation<become>` for further details)::
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ansible_become
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Equivalent to ansible_sudo or ansible_su, allows to force privilege escalation
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ansible_become_method
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Allows to set privilege escalation method
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ansible_become_user
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Equivalent to ansible_sudo_user or ansible_su_user, allows to set the user you become through privilege escalation
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ansible_become_pass
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Equivalent to ansible_sudo_pass or ansible_su_pass, allows you to set the privilege escalation password
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Remote host environment parameters::
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ansible_shell_type
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The shell type of the target system. Commands are formatted using 'sh'-style syntax by default. Setting this to 'csh' or 'fish' will cause commands executed on target systems to follow those shell's syntax instead.
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ansible_python_interpreter
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The target host python path. This is useful for systems with more
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than one Python or not located at "/usr/bin/python" such as \*BSD, or where /usr/bin/python
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is not a 2.X series Python. We do not use the "/usr/bin/env" mechanism as that requires the remote user's
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path to be set right and also assumes the "python" executable is named python, where the executable might
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be named something like "python26".
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ansible\_\*\_interpreter
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Works for anything such as ruby or perl and works just like ansible_python_interpreter.
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This replaces shebang of modules which will run on that host.
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Examples from a host file::
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some_host ansible_port=2222 ansible_user=manager
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aws_host ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/home/example/.ssh/aws.pem
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freebsd_host ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/local/bin/python
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ruby_module_host ansible_ruby_interpreter=/usr/bin/ruby.1.9.3
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.. seealso::
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:doc:`intro_dynamic_inventory`
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Pulling inventory from dynamic sources, such as cloud providers
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:doc:`intro_adhoc`
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Examples of basic commands
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:doc:`playbooks`
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Learning Ansible’s configuration, deployment, and orchestration language.
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`Mailing List <http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project>`_
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Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups
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`irc.freenode.net <http://irc.freenode.net>`_
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#ansible IRC chat channel
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