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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Command Line</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parallelism-and-shell-commands">Parallelism and Shell Commands</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-transfer-templating">File Transfer & Templating</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-packages">Managing Packages</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#users-and-groups">Users and Groups</a></li>
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<br/>
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<div class="section" id="command-line">
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<h1>Command Line<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>The following examples show how to use <cite>/usr/bin/ansible</cite> for running ad-hoc tasks.
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Start here.</p>
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<p>For configuration management and deployments, you’ll want to pick up on
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using <cite>/usr/bin/ansible-playbook</cite> – the concepts port over directly.
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(See <a class="reference internal" href="playbooks.html"><em>Playbooks</em></a> for more information about those)</p>
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<div class="section" id="parallelism-and-shell-commands">
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<h2>Parallelism and Shell Commands<a class="headerlink" href="#parallelism-and-shell-commands" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Let’s use ansible’s command line tool to reboot all web servers in Atlanta, 10 at a time. First, let’s
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set up SSH-agent so it can remember our credentials:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ssh-agent bash
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ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</pre>
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</div>
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<p>If you don’t want to use ssh-agent and want to instead SSH with a password instead of keys, you can with
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–ask-pass (-k), but it’s much better to just use ssh-agent.</p>
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<p>Now to run the command on all servers in a group, in this case, ‘atlanta’, in 10 parallel forks:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible atlanta -a "/sbin/reboot" -f 10</pre>
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</div>
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<p>If you want to run commands as a different user than root, it looks like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible atlanta -a "/usr/bin/foo" -u yourname</pre>
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</div>
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<p>If you want to run commands through sudo:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible atlanta -a "/usr/bin/foo" -u yourname --sudo [--ask-sudo-pass]</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Use –ask-sudo-pass (-K) if you are not using passwordless sudo. This will interactively prompt
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you for the password to use. Use of passwordless sudo makes things easier to automate, but it’s
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not required.</p>
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<p>It is also possible to sudo to a user other than root using –sudo-user (-U):</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible atlanta -a "/usr/bin/foo" -u yourname -U otheruser [--ask-sudo-pass]</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Ok, so those are basics. If you didn’t read about patterns and groups yet, go back and read <a class="reference internal" href="patterns.html"><em>Inventory & Patterns</em></a>.</p>
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<p>The -f 10 in the above specifies the usage of 10 simultaneous processes. Normally commands also take
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a <cite>-m</cite> for module name, but the default module name is ‘command’, so we didn’t need to specify that
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all of the time. We’ll use <cite>-m</cite> in later examples to run some other <a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a>.</p>
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<p>Note that the command module requires absolute paths and does not support shell variables. If we want to
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execute a module using the shell, we can do those things, and also use pipe and redirection operators.
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Read more about the differences on the <a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a> page. The shell
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module looks like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible raleigh -m shell -a 'echo $TERM'</pre>
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</div>
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<p>When running any command with the ansible “ad hoc” CLI (as opposed to playbooks), pay particular attention
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to shell quoting rules, so the shell doesn’t eat a variable before it gets passed to Ansible. For example,
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using double vs single quotes in the above example would evaluate the variable on the box you were on.</p>
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<p>So far we’ve been demoing simple command execution, but most ansible modules usually do not work like
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simple scripts. They make the remote system look like you state, and run the commands necessary to
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get it there. This is commonly referred to as ‘idempotence’, and is a core design goal of ansible.
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However, we also recognize that running ad-hoc commands is equally important, so Ansible easily supports both.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="file-transfer-templating">
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<h2>File Transfer & Templating<a class="headerlink" href="#file-transfer-templating" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Here’s another use case for the <cite>/usr/bin/ansible</cite> command line.</p>
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<p>Ansible can SCP lots of files to multiple machines in parallel, and
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optionally use them as template sources.</p>
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<p>To transfer a file directly to many different servers:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible atlanta -m copy -a "src=/etc/hosts dest=/tmp/hosts"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>To use templating, first run the setup module to put the template
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variables you would like to use on the remote host. Then use the
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template module to write the files using those templates.</p>
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<p>Templates are written in <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/">Jinja2</a> format.
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Playbooks (covered elsewhere in the
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documentation) will run the setup module for you, making this even
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simpler:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m setup -a "favcolor=red ntp_server=192.168.1.1"
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ansible webservers -m template -a "src=/srv/motd.j2 dest=/etc/motd"
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ansible webservers -m template -a "src=/srv/ntp.j2 dest=/etc/ntp.conf"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Ansible variables are used in templates by using the name surrounded by double
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curly-braces. Ansible provides some ‘facts’ about the system being managed
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automatically in playbooks or when the setup module is run manually. If facter or ohai
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were installed on the remote machine, variables
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from those programs can be accessed too, using the appropriate prefix:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>This is an Ansible variable: {{ favcolor }}
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This is an Ansible fact: {{ ansible_hostname }}
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This is a facter fact: {{ facter_hostname }}
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This is an ohai fact: {{ ohai_foo }}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Using the Ansible facts is generally preferred as that way you can avoid a dependency
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on ruby. If you want to use facter instead, you will also need rubygem-json because
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the facter packages may forget this as a dependency.</p>
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<p>The <cite>file</cite> module allows changing ownership and permissions on files. These
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same options can be passed directly to the <cite>copy</cite> or <cite>template</cite> modules as well:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m file -a "dest=/srv/foo/a.txt mode=600"
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ansible webservers -m file -a "dest=/srv/foo/b.txt mode=600 owner=mdehaan group=mdehaan"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>The <cite>file</cite> module can also create directories, similar to <cite>mkdir -p</cite>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m file -a "dest=/path/to/c mode=644 owner=mdehaan group=mdehaan state=directory"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>As well as delete directories (recursively) and delete files:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m file -a "dest=/path/to/c state=absent"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>The mode, owner, and group arguments can also be used on the copy or template lines.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="managing-packages">
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<h2>Managing Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>There are modules available for yum and apt. Here are some examples with yum.</p>
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<p>Ensure a package is installed, but don’t update it:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m yum -a "pkg=acme state=installed"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Ensure a package is installed to a specific version:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m yum -a "pkg=acme-1.5 state=installed"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Ensure a package is at the latest version:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m yum -a "pkg=acme state=latest"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Ensure a package is not installed:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m yum -a "pkg=acme state=removed"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Currently Ansible only has modules for managing packages with yum and apt. You can install
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for other packages for now using the command module or (better!) contribute a module
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for other package managers. Stop by the mailing list for info/details.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="users-and-groups">
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<h2>Users and Groups<a class="headerlink" href="#users-and-groups" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The user module allows easy creation and manipulation of existing user accounts, as well
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as removal of user accounts that may exist:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible all -m user -a "name=foo password=<crypted password here>"
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ansible all -m user -a "name=foo state=absent"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a> section for details on all of the available options, including
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how to manipulate groups and group membership.</p>
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</div>
|
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<div class="section" id="deploying-from-source-control">
|
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<h2>Deploying From Source Control<a class="headerlink" href="#deploying-from-source-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>Deploy your webapp straight from git:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m git -a "repo=git://foo.example.org/repo.git dest=/srv/myapp version=HEAD"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Since ansible modules can notify change handlers (see
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<a class="reference internal" href="playbooks.html"><em>Playbooks</em></a>) it is possible to tell ansible to run specific tasks
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when the code is updated, such as deploying Perl/Python/PHP/Ruby
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directly from git and then restarting apache.</p>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="section" id="managing-services">
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<h2>Managing Services<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Ensure a service is started on all webservers:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m service -a "name=httpd state=started"</pre>
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</div>
|
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<p>Alternatively, restart a service on all webservers:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted"</pre>
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</div>
|
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<p>Ensure a service is stopped:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webservers -m service -a "name=httpd state=stopped"</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="time-limited-background-operations">
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<h2>Time Limited Background Operations<a class="headerlink" href="#time-limited-background-operations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>Long running operations can be backgrounded, and their status can be
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checked on later. The same job ID is given to the same task on all
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hosts, so you won’t lose track. If you kick hosts and don’t want
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to poll, it looks like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible all -B 3600 -a "/usr/bin/long_running_operation --do-stuff"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>If you do decide you want to check on the job status later, you can:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible all -m async_status -a "jid=123456789"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Polling is built-in and looks like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible all -B 3600 -P 60 -a "/usr/bin/long_running_operation --do-stuff"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>The above example says “run for 60 minutes max (60*60=3600), poll for status every 60 seconds”.</p>
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<p>Poll mode is smart so all jobs will be started before polling will begin on any machine.
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Be sure to use a high enough <cite>–forks</cite> value if you want to get all of your jobs started
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very quickly. After the time limit (in seconds) runs out (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-B</span></tt>), the process on
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the remote nodes will be terminated.</p>
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<p>Any module other than <cite>copy</cite> or <cite>template</cite> can be
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backgrounded. Typically you’ll be backgrounding long-running
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shell commands or software upgrades only. <a class="reference internal" href="playbooks.html"><em>Playbooks</em></a> also support polling, and have
|
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a simplified syntax for this.</p>
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<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
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<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
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|
<dl class="last docutils">
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<dt><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a></dt>
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|
<dd>A list of available modules</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="playbooks.html"><em>Playbooks</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Using ansible for configuration management & deployment</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project">Mailing List</a></dt>
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|
<dd>Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://irc.freenode.net">irc.freenode.net</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>#ansible IRC chat channel</dd>
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|
</dl>
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</div>
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<p>
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© Copyright 2012 Michael DeHaan.<br/>
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Last updated on May 19, 2012.<br/>
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