# KMS Guide [![Slack](https://slack.min.io/slack?type=svg)](https://slack.min.io)

MinIO uses a key-management-system (KMS) to support SSE-S3. If a client requests SSE-S3, or auto-encryption is enabled, the MinIO server encrypts each object with an unique object key which is protected by a master key managed by the KMS.

## Quick Start

MinIO supports multiple KMS implementations via our [KES](https://github.com/minio/kes#kes) project. We run a KES instance at `https://play.min.io:7373` for you to experiment and quickly get started. To run MinIO with a KMS just fetch the root identity, set the following environment variables and then start your MinIO server. If you havn't installed MinIO, yet, then follow the MinIO [install instructions](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-quickstart-guide) first.

#### 1. Fetch the root identity
As the initial step, fetch the private key and certificate of the root identity:

```sh
curl -sSL --tlsv1.2 \
     -O 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/minio/kes/master/root.key' \
     -O 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/minio/kes/master/root.cert'
```

#### 2. Set the MinIO-KES configuration

```sh
export MINIO_KMS_KES_ENDPOINT=https://play.min.io:7373
export MINIO_KMS_KES_KEY_FILE=root.key
export MINIO_KMS_KES_CERT_FILE=root.cert
export MINIO_KMS_KES_KEY_NAME=my-minio-key
```

#### 3. Start the MinIO Server

```sh
export MINIO_ROOT_USER=minio
export MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD=minio123
minio server ~/export
```

> The KES instance at `https://play.min.io:7373` is meant to experiment and provides a way to get started quickly.
> Note that anyone can access or delete master keys at `https://play.min.io:7373`. You should run your own KES
> instance in production.

## Configuration Guides

A typical MinIO deployment that uses a KMS for SSE-S3 looks like this:
```
    ┌────────────┐
    │ ┌──────────┴─┬─────╮          ┌────────────┐
    └─┤ ┌──────────┴─┬───┴──────────┤ ┌──────────┴─┬─────────────────╮
      └─┤ ┌──────────┴─┬─────┬──────┴─┤ KES Server ├─────────────────┤
        └─┤   MinIO    ├─────╯        └────────────┘            ┌────┴────┐
          └────────────┘                                        │   KMS   │
                                                                └─────────┘
```

In a given setup, there are `n` MinIO instances talking to `m` KES servers but only `1` central KMS. The most simple setup consists of `1` MinIO server or cluster talking to `1` KMS via `1` KES server.

The main difference between various MinIO-KMS deployments is the KMS implementation. The following table helps you select the right option for your use case:

| KMS                                                                                          | Purpose                                                           |
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [Hashicorp Vault](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/Hashicorp-Vault-Keystore)                | Local KMS. MinIO and KMS on-prem (**Recommended**)                |
| [AWS-KMS + SecretsManager](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/AWS-SecretsManager)             | Cloud KMS. MinIO in combination with a managed KMS installation   |
| [Gemalto KeySecure /Thales CipherTrust](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/Gemalto-KeySecure) | Local KMS. MinIO and KMS On-Premises.                             |
| [Google Cloud Platform SecretManager](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/GCP-SecretManager)   | Cloud KMS. MinIO in combination with a managed KMS installation   |
| [FS](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/Filesystem-Keystore)                                  | Local testing or development (**Not recommended for production**) |


The MinIO-KES configuration is always the same - regardless of the underlying KMS implementation. Checkout the MinIO-KES [configuration example](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/MinIO-Object-Storage).

### Further references

- [Run MinIO with TLS / HTTPS](https://docs.min.io/docs/how-to-secure-access-to-minio-server-with-tls.html)
- [Tweak the KES server configuration](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/Configuration)
- [Run a load balancer infront of KES](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/TLS-Proxy)
- [Understand the KES server concepts](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki/Concepts)

## Auto Encryption
Auto-Encryption is useful when MinIO administrator wants to ensure that all data stored on MinIO is encrypted at rest.

### Using `mc encrypt` (recommended)
MinIO automatically encrypts all objects on buckets if KMS is successfully configured and bucket encryption configuration is enabled for each bucket as shown below:
```
mc encrypt set sse-s3 myminio/bucket/
```

Verify if MinIO has `sse-s3` enabled
```
mc encrypt info myminio/bucket/
Auto encryption 'sse-s3' is enabled
```

### Using environment (deprecated)
> NOTE: The following ENV might be removed in future, you are advised to move to the previously recommended approach using `mc encrypt`. S3 gateway supports encryption at gateway layer which may  be dropped in favor of simplicity at a later time. It is advised that S3 gateway users migrate to MinIO server mode or enable encryption at REST at the backend.

MinIO automatically encrypts all objects on buckets if KMS is successfully configured and following ENV is enabled:
```
export MINIO_KMS_AUTO_ENCRYPTION=on
```

### Verify auto-encryption
> Note that auto-encryption only affects requests without S3 encryption headers. So, if a S3 client sends
> e.g. SSE-C headers, MinIO will encrypt the object with the key sent by the client and won't reach out to
> the configured KMS.

To verify auto-encryption, use the following `mc` command:

```
mc cp test.file myminio/bucket/
test.file:              5 B / 5 B  ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓  100.00% 337 B/s 0s
```

```
mc stat myminio/bucket/test.file
Name      : test.file
...
Encrypted :
  X-Amz-Server-Side-Encryption: AES256
```

## Explore Further

- [Use `mc` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide)
- [Use `aws-cli` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/aws-cli-with-minio)
- [Use `s3cmd` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/s3cmd-with-minio)
- [Use `minio-go` SDK with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/golang-client-quickstart-guide)
- [The MinIO documentation website](https://docs.min.io)
