2016-11-06 18:32:46 +01:00
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# Mu Cross-Cloud Targeting
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2017-01-02 01:35:23 +01:00
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The Mu metadata and primitives are intentionally cloud-agnostic and have been designed to support [many cloud targets](
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clouds.md). This can be used to build, share, and reuse portable abstractions.
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It is easy, however, to introduce a dependency on a particular cloud provider by relying on certain stacks. For
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2017-01-03 01:26:19 +01:00
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example, mounting an `aws/ebs/Volume` for a database volume pins it to the AWS IaaS provider; in fact, *any* such
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2017-01-02 01:35:23 +01:00
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service in the transitive closure of dependencies pins the whole stack to AWS.
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On one hand, this is great, because the Mu abstractions do not get in the way of leveraging the full power of your cloud
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provider and its latest innovations. On the other hand, it inhibits portability.
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This document briefly describes how Mu enables developers to create portable cloud infrastructure abstractions.
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## Abstraction
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The key to Mu's ability to cross-target clouds is simple: abstraction.
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Mu stacks are simply ordinary classes. As a result, they can encapsulate details about how they work. If a `Table`
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stack wants to provision a MongoDB database automatically behind the scenes, there is no need for a consumer to know.
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The properties, API, and so on, can safely hide these details behind a friendly logical abstraction.
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More likely, however, such an abstraction will want to leverage a database-as-a-service (DbaaS) product in the target
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cloud, like AWS DynamoDB. But by doing that, you would pin the `Table` abstraction to AWS, which defeats the point.
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This is a problem familiar to users of platform abstractions in environments like Java, .NET, and Node.js. To create
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useful low-level primitive abstractions like filesystems, process models, and timer APIs -- among other things -- they
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must create an abstraction layer just above the underlying operating system. Doing so lets 99% of the users of those
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abstractions forget about the gory details of targeting Linux vs. macOS vs. Windows. But those low-level developers
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need to worry about `#ifdef`ing their code and bridging the gap. And in Mu, we can achieve the same economics.
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To do this, the developer providing a low-level abstraction must conditionalize resource usage. The context object
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exposed to the MetaMu programming languages tells the program information about the target environment, including
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whether the target is AWS, Google Cloud, Azure, and so on. As such, the `Table` can pick DynamoDB in AWS, DocumentDB in
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Azure, Bigtable in Google Cloud, and perhaps even fall back to MongoDB option as a more complex default elsewhere.
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If this is done right, the 99% developer can use an elegant and simple-to-use `Table` abstraction, care-free about its
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details, and in the cloud provider of their choice. And the low-level developer pays some complexity as a result.
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## Cross-Cloud Abstractions Out-of-the-Box
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To facilitate cross-cloud abstractions, Mu offers a `mu/x` package containing a number of them.
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### mu/x
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The services offered by `mu/x` have been conditionalized internally and are guaranteed to run on all clouds,
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including locally for development and testing. The differences between them have been abstracted and unified so that
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you can configure them declaratively, using a single logical set of options, and rely on the service internally mapping
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to the cloud provider's specific configuration settings.
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For example, `mu/x/fs/Volume` implements the `mu/Volume` abstract interface, and maps to an AWS Elastic Block Store
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(EBS), Azure Data Disk (DD), or GCP Persistent Disk (PD) volume, depending on the IaaS target. Although the details for
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each of these differs, a standard set of options -- like capacity, filesystem type, reclaimation policy, storage class,
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and so on -- and the Mu framework handles mapping these standard options to the specific underlying ones.
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2017-01-02 01:35:23 +01:00
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The goal for the `mu/x` package is to facilitate a higher-level ecosystem of cloud-agnostic services and libraries.
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### Services
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This section contains a full list of the `mu/x` cloud-agnostic services:
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* Apps
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- Containers
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- Logging
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- Queueing
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- Pub/sub
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- RPC
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- Service discovery
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- Serverless / API Gateway
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* Data
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- Cache
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- Blob Store
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- Key/value Store
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- SQL Database
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- NoSQL Database
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- NoSQL Data Warehouse
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- Secret Store
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* Services
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- Email
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- SMS
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- Search
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- Job Scheduling
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- Workflow
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- MapReduce
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* Infra Services
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- DNS
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- Load Balancing
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- CDN
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- Container Registry
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TODO(joe): hand wavy; flesh this out more.
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TODO(joe): need to figure out the distinction between { design-time, runtime } X { dev, ops }.
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## Appendix A: Cloud Catalog
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Here's an exhaustive list of services offered by "the big three," and an attempt to correlate them.
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| COMPUTE | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| IaaS | EC2 | Virtual Machines | Compute Engine
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| Container Registry | EC2 Container Registry | | Container Registry
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| Container Service | EC2 Container Service | Container Service | Container Engine
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| PaaS | Elastic Beanstalk | Cloud Services / Service Fabric| App Engine
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| Serverless | Lambda | Functions / WebJobs | Cloud Functions
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| Job Scheduling | | Scheduler / Batch | Compute Engine Tasks
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| Queueing | Simple Queueing Service (SQS) | Queue Storage / ServiceBus |
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| Workflow | Simple Workflow Service (SWS) | LogicApps |
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| STORAGE | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Blob Storage | S3 | Storage | Cloud Storage (Standard)
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| Low-Cost Archival | Glacier | | Cloud Storage (Nearline)
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| Mountable Storage | Elastic File System | File Storage |
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| Data Import/Export | Snowball | Import/Export |
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| On-Prem-to-Cloud | Storage Gateway | StorSimple |
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| Secrets | Key Management Service (KMS) | Key Vault |
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| DATABASE | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Database (SQL) | Relational DB Service (RDS) | SQL Database | Cloud SQL
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| Database (NoSQL) | DynamoDB | Document DB / Table Storage | Cloud Bigtable / Cloud Datastore
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| Cache | ElastiCache | Managed Cache / Redis Cache |
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| Data Warehouse (SQL) | Redshift | SQL Data Warehouse |
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| Data Warehouse (NoSQL) | | Data Lake Store | BigQuery
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| Data Migration | DB Migration Service (DMS) | SQL DB Migration Wizard |
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| NETWORKING | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Load Balancer | EC2 Load Balancer | Load Balancer | Cloud Load Balancing
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| CDN | CloudFront | Azure CDN | Cloud CDN
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| Network Mgmt | Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) | Virtual Network | Cloud Virtual Network
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| VPN | Direct Connect | ExpressRoute | Cloud Interconnect
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| DNS | Route 53 | DNS | Cloud DNS
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| DEVELOPER TOOLS | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Git Hosting | CodeCommit | VSTS | Cloud Source Repositories
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| C/I|C/D | CodeDeploy | VSTS |
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| C/I|C/D Workflow | CodePipeline | |
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| MANAGEMENT TOOLS | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| E2E Management | CloudWatch | | Stackdriver
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| Auditing | CloudTrail | |
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| Monitoring | - | VS AppInsights | Monitoring
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| Logging | - | Log Analytics | Logging
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| Error Reporting | - | | Error Reporting
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| Perf Tracing | - | | Trace
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| Debugging | - | | Debugger
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| Mgmt Templates | CloudFormation | | Deployment Manager
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| Governance | Config | |
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| Ops | OpsWorks (Chef) | Resource Manager / Automation |
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| Security Templates | Service Catalog | |
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| Service Optimization | Trusted Advisor | |
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| SECURITY & IDENTITY | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Identity & Access | Identity & Access Mgmt | | Cloud IAM
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| LDAP / AD | Directory Service (AD) | Active Directory | Cloud Resource Manager
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| Security Analysis | Inspector | Security Center | Cloud Security Scanner
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| DoS/Malicious Guards | WAF | |
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| SSL/TLS Cert Mgmt | Certificate Manager | |
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| BIG DATA / ANALYTICS | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| MapReduce | Elastic MapReduce (Hadoop) | HDInsight | Cloud Dataproc
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| Data Processing | Data Pipeline | Data Factory |
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| Search | Elasticsearch Service | Search |
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| Streams Processing | Kinesis | Stream Analytics | Cloud Dataflow
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| Data Exploration | - | PowerBI / Data Lake Analytics | Cloud Datalab
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| Pub/Sub/Push Notify | Simple Notif. Service (SNS) | Notif Hub Topics / Event Hubs | Cloud Pub/Sub
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| Big Science | - | | Cloud Genomics
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| MACHINE LEARNING | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| ML Platform | Machine Learning | Machine Learning | Cloud ML Platform
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| ML/AI Services | | Cognitive Services | Vision, Speech, NL, Translate
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| INTERNET OF THINGS | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| IoT | IoT | IoT Hub | IoT
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| GAME DEVELOPMENT | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Games | GameLift
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| MOBILE SERVICES | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Mobile E2E | Mobile Hub | |
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| Mobile Auth | Cognito | Multifactor Auth |
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| Mobile Testing | Device Farm | DevTest Labs | Cloud Test Lab
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| Mobile Analytics | Mobile Analytics | HockeyApp |
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| APP SERVICES | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| API Gateway | API Gateway | API Management | Google Cloud Endpoints
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| Remote Desktop | AppStream | | RemoteApp
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| Search | CloudSearch | Search |
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| Media Transcoding | Elastic Transcoder | Media Services |
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| Email | Simple Email Service (SES) | |
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| ENTERPRISE APPS | AWS | Azure | Google
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------
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| Remote Desktop | WorkSpaces | |
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| Document Sharing | WorkDocs | |
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| Office (Email/Calendar)| WorkMail | |
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