Switch FAIL_FAST to LOG for starting inbound connection server on monarch startup (#10261)

Stop startup crash by logging when monarch fails to register inbound connections, but still crash when COM attempted to start us

## References
- See also #10243

## PR Checklist
* [x] Closes #10233
* [x] CLA signed. If not, go over [here](https://cla.opensource.microsoft.com/microsoft/Terminal) and sign the CLA

## Detailed Description of the Pull Request / Additional comments
- This should stop the crash on launch until we can get the internal teams to resolve the catalog issue
- I left the COM -Embedding start fail fast though so it won't take forever to time out (as default timeout is 3-5 minutes). I will change that if it becomes necessary.

## Validation Steps Performed
- I basically have to guess at this one based on the crash dump and Watson logs because it happens sporadically when the platform messes up on us.

(cherry picked from commit d8647e01c1)

src/cascadia/TerminalApp/AppLogic.cpp

@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ namespace winrt::TerminalApp::implementation
             // in and be routed to an event with no handlers or a non-ready Page.
             if (_appArgs.IsHandoffListener())
             {
-                SetInboundListener();
+                _root->SetInboundListener(true);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ namespace winrt::TerminalApp::implementation
     // - <none>
     void AppLogic::SetInboundListener()
     {
-        _root->SetInboundListener();
+        _root->SetInboundListener(false);
     }
 
     // Method Description:

src/cascadia/TerminalApp/TerminalPage.cpp

@@ -356,7 +356,27 @@ namespace winrt::TerminalApp::implementation
             // we would be left with an empty terminal frame with no tabs.
             // Instead, crash out so COM sees the server die and things unwind
             // without a weird empty frame window.
-            CATCH_FAIL_FAST()
+            catch (...)
+            {
+                // However, we cannot always fail fast because of MSFT:33501832. Sometimes the COM catalog
+                // tears the state between old and new versions and fails here for that reason.
+                // As we're always becoming an inbound server in the monarch, even when COM didn't strictly
+                // ask us yet...we might just crash always.
+                // Instead... we're going to differentiate. If COM started us... we will fail fast
+                // so it sees the process die and falls back.
+                // If we were just starting normally as a Monarch and opportunistically listening for
+                // inbound connections... then we'll just log the failure and move on assuming
+                // the version state is torn and will fix itself whenever the packaging upgrade
+                // tasks decide to clean up.
+                if (_isEmbeddingInboundListener)
+                {
+                    FAIL_FAST_CAUGHT_EXCEPTION();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    LOG_CAUGHT_EXCEPTION();
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1981,12 +2001,13 @@ namespace winrt::TerminalApp::implementation
     //   listener for command-line tools attempting to join this Terminal
     //   through the default application channel.
     // Arguments:
-    // - <none> - Implicitly sets to true. Default page state is false.
+    // - isEmbedding - True if COM started us to be a server. False if we're doing it of our own accord.
     // Return Value:
     // - <none>
-    void TerminalPage::SetInboundListener()
+    void TerminalPage::SetInboundListener(bool isEmbedding)
     {
         _shouldStartInboundListener = true;
+        _isEmbeddingInboundListener = isEmbedding;
 
         // If the page has already passed the NotInitialized state,
         // then it is ready-enough for us to just start this immediately.

src/cascadia/TerminalApp/TerminalPage.h

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace winrt::TerminalApp::implementation
         bool AlwaysOnTop() const;
 
         void SetStartupActions(std::vector<Microsoft::Terminal::Settings::Model::ActionAndArgs>& actions);
-        void SetInboundListener();
+        void SetInboundListener(bool isEmbedding);
         static std::vector<Microsoft::Terminal::Settings::Model::ActionAndArgs> ConvertExecuteCommandlineToActions(const Microsoft::Terminal::Settings::Model::ExecuteCommandlineArgs& args);
 
         winrt::TerminalApp::IDialogPresenter DialogPresenter() const;
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ namespace winrt::TerminalApp::implementation
 
         Windows::Foundation::Collections::IVector<Microsoft::Terminal::Settings::Model::ActionAndArgs> _startupActions;
         bool _shouldStartInboundListener{ false };
+        bool _isEmbeddingInboundListener{ false };
 
         std::shared_ptr<Toast> _windowIdToast{ nullptr };
         std::shared_ptr<Toast> _windowRenameFailedToast{ nullptr };