Add an access token introspection cache to make Matrix Authentication Service integration (MSC3861) more efficient. (#18231)

Evolution of
cd78f3d2ee

This cache does not have any explicit invalidation, but this is deemed
acceptable (see code comment).

We may still prefer to add it eventually, letting us bump up the
Time-To-Live (TTL) on the cache as we currently set a 2 minute expiry
to balance the fact that we have no explicit invalidation.


This cache makes several things more efficient:

- reduces number of outbound requests from Synapse, reducing CPU
utilisation + network I/O
- reduces request handling time in Synapse, which improves
client-visible latency
- reduces load on MAS and its database


---

Other than that, this PR also introduces support for `expires_in`
(seconds) on the introspection response.
This lets the cached responses expire at the proper expiry time of the
access token, whilst avoiding clock skew issues.

Corresponds to:
https://github.com/element-hq/matrix-authentication-service/pull/4241

---------

Signed-off-by: Olivier 'reivilibre <oliverw@matrix.org>

changelog.d/18231.feature

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add an access token introspection cache to make Matrix Authentication Service integration (MSC3861) more efficient.

synapse/api/auth/msc3861_delegated.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
 from synapse.types import Requester, UserID, create_requester
 from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.caches.cached_call import RetryOnExceptionCachedCall
+from synapse.util.caches.response_cache import ResponseCache
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.rest.admin.experimental_features import ExperimentalFeature
@@ -76,6 +78,61 @@ def scope_to_list(scope: str) -> List[str]:
     return scope.strip().split(" ")
 
 
+@dataclass
+class IntrospectionResult:
+    _inner: IntrospectionToken
+
+    # when we retrieved this token,
+    # in milliseconds since the Unix epoch
+    retrieved_at_ms: int
+
+    def is_active(self, now_ms: int) -> bool:
+        if not self._inner.get("active"):
+            return False
+
+        expires_in = self._inner.get("expires_in")
+        if expires_in is None:
+            return True
+        if not isinstance(expires_in, int):
+            raise InvalidClientTokenError("token `expires_in` is not an int")
+
+        absolute_expiry_ms = expires_in * 1000 + self.retrieved_at_ms
+        return now_ms < absolute_expiry_ms
+
+    def get_scope_list(self) -> List[str]:
+        value = self._inner.get("scope")
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            return []
+        return scope_to_list(value)
+
+    def get_sub(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        value = self._inner.get("sub")
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            return None
+        return value
+
+    def get_username(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        value = self._inner.get("username")
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            return None
+        return value
+
+    def get_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        value = self._inner.get("name")
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            return None
+        return value
+
+    def get_device_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        value = self._inner.get("device_id")
+        if value is not None and not isinstance(value, str):
+            raise AuthError(
+                500,
+                "Invalid device ID in introspection result",
+            )
+        return value
+
+
 class PrivateKeyJWTWithKid(PrivateKeyJWT):  # type: ignore[misc]
     """An implementation of the private_key_jwt client auth method that includes a kid header.
 
@@ -121,6 +178,31 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
         self._hostname = hs.hostname
         self._admin_token: Callable[[], Optional[str]] = self._config.admin_token
 
+        # # Token Introspection Cache
+        # This remembers what users/devices are represented by which access tokens,
+        # in order to reduce overall system load:
+        # - on Synapse (as requests are relatively expensive)
+        # - on the network
+        # - on MAS
+        #
+        # Since there is no invalidation mechanism currently,
+        # the entries expire after 2 minutes.
+        # This does mean tokens can be treated as valid by Synapse
+        # for longer than reality.
+        #
+        # Ideally, tokens should logically be invalidated in the following circumstances:
+        # - If a session logout happens.
+        #   In this case, MAS will delete the device within Synapse
+        #   anyway and this is good enough as an invalidation.
+        # - If the client refreshes their token in MAS.
+        #   In this case, the device still exists and it's not the end of the world for
+        #   the old access token to continue working for a short time.
+        self._introspection_cache: ResponseCache[str] = ResponseCache(
+            self._clock,
+            "token_introspection",
+            timeout_ms=120_000,
+        )
+
         self._issuer_metadata = RetryOnExceptionCachedCall[OpenIDProviderMetadata](
             self._load_metadata
         )
@@ -193,7 +275,7 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
         metadata = await self._issuer_metadata.get()
         return metadata.get("introspection_endpoint")
 
-    async def _introspect_token(self, token: str) -> IntrospectionToken:
+    async def _introspect_token(self, token: str) -> IntrospectionResult:
         """
         Send a token to the introspection endpoint and returns the introspection response
 
@@ -266,7 +348,9 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
                 "The introspection endpoint returned an invalid JSON response."
             )
 
-        return IntrospectionToken(**resp)
+        return IntrospectionResult(
+            IntrospectionToken(**resp), retrieved_at_ms=self._clock.time_msec()
+        )
 
     async def is_server_admin(self, requester: Requester) -> bool:
         return "urn:synapse:admin:*" in requester.scope
@@ -344,7 +428,9 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
             )
 
         try:
-            introspection_result = await self._introspect_token(token)
+            introspection_result = await self._introspection_cache.wrap(
+                token, self._introspect_token, token
+            )
         except Exception:
             logger.exception("Failed to introspect token")
             raise SynapseError(503, "Unable to introspect the access token")
@@ -353,11 +439,11 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
 
         # TODO: introspection verification should be more extensive, especially:
         #   - verify the audience
-        if not introspection_result.get("active"):
+        if not introspection_result.is_active(self._clock.time_msec()):
             raise InvalidClientTokenError("Token is not active")
 
         # Let's look at the scope
-        scope: List[str] = scope_to_list(introspection_result.get("scope", ""))
+        scope: List[str] = introspection_result.get_scope_list()
 
         # Determine type of user based on presence of particular scopes
         has_user_scope = SCOPE_MATRIX_API in scope
@@ -367,7 +453,7 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
             raise InvalidClientTokenError("No scope in token granting user rights")
 
         # Match via the sub claim
-        sub: Optional[str] = introspection_result.get("sub")
+        sub: Optional[str] = introspection_result.get_sub()
         if sub is None:
             raise InvalidClientTokenError(
                 "Invalid sub claim in the introspection result"
@@ -381,7 +467,7 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
             # or the external_id was never recorded
 
             # TODO: claim mapping should be configurable
-            username: Optional[str] = introspection_result.get("username")
+            username: Optional[str] = introspection_result.get_username()
             if username is None or not isinstance(username, str):
                 raise AuthError(
                     500,
@@ -399,7 +485,7 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
 
                 # TODO: claim mapping should be configurable
                 # If present, use the name claim as the displayname
-                name: Optional[str] = introspection_result.get("name")
+                name: Optional[str] = introspection_result.get_name()
 
                 await self.store.register_user(
                     user_id=user_id.to_string(), create_profile_with_displayname=name
@@ -414,15 +500,8 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
 
         # MAS 0.15+ will give us the device ID as an explicit value for compatibility sessions
         # If present, we get it from here, if not we get it in thee scope
-        device_id = introspection_result.get("device_id")
-        if device_id is not None:
-            # We got the device ID explicitly, just sanity check that it's a string
-            if not isinstance(device_id, str):
-                raise AuthError(
-                    500,
-                    "Invalid device ID in introspection result",
-                )
-        else:
+        device_id = introspection_result.get_device_id()
+        if device_id is None:
             # Find device_ids in scope
             # We only allow a single device_id in the scope, so we find them all in the
             # scope list, and raise if there are more than one. The OIDC server should be

tests/handlers/test_oauth_delegation.py

@@ -539,6 +539,44 @@ class MSC3861OAuthDelegation(HomeserverTestCase):
         error = self.get_failure(self.auth.get_user_by_req(request), SynapseError)
         self.assertEqual(error.value.code, 503)
 
+    def test_cached_expired_introspection(self) -> None:
+        """The handler should raise an error if the introspection response gives
+        an expiry time, the introspection response is cached and then the entry is
+        re-requested after it has expired."""
+
+        self.http_client.request = introspection_mock = AsyncMock(
+            return_value=FakeResponse.json(
+                code=200,
+                payload={
+                    "active": True,
+                    "sub": SUBJECT,
+                    "scope": " ".join(
+                        [
+                            MATRIX_USER_SCOPE,
+                            f"{MATRIX_DEVICE_SCOPE_PREFIX}AABBCC",
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    "username": USERNAME,
+                    "expires_in": 60,
+                },
+            )
+        )
+        request = Mock(args={})
+        request.args[b"access_token"] = [b"mockAccessToken"]
+        request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
+
+        # The first CS-API request causes a successful introspection
+        self.get_success(self.auth.get_user_by_req(request))
+        self.assertEqual(introspection_mock.call_count, 1)
+
+        # Sleep for 60 seconds so the token expires.
+        self.reactor.advance(60.0)
+
+        # Now the CS-API request fails because the token expired
+        self.get_failure(self.auth.get_user_by_req(request), InvalidClientTokenError)
+        # Ensure another introspection request was not sent
+        self.assertEqual(introspection_mock.call_count, 1)
+
     def make_device_keys(self, user_id: str, device_id: str) -> JsonDict:
         # We only generate a master key to simplify the test.
         master_signing_key = generate_signing_key(device_id)