If we have recently seen a valid well-known for a domain we want to
retry on (non-final) errors a few times, to handle temporary blips in
networking/etc.
This gives a bit of a grace period where we can attempt to refetch a
remote `well-known`, while still using the cached result if that fails.
Hopefully this will make the well-known resolution a bit more torelant
of failures, rather than it immediately treating failures as "no result"
and caching that for an hour.
It costs both us and the remote server for us to fetch the well known
for every single request we send, so we add a minimum cache period. This
is set to 5m so that we still honour the basic premise of "refetch
frequently".
There are a few changes going on here:
* We make checking the signature on a key server response optional: if no
verify_keys are specified, we trust to TLS to validate the connection.
* We change the default config so that it does not require responses to be
signed by the old key.
* We replace the old 'perspectives' config with 'trusted_key_servers', which
is also formatted slightly differently.
* We emit a warning to the logs every time we trust a key server response
signed by the old key.
two reasons for this. One, it saves a bunch of boilerplate. Two, it squashes
unicode to IDNA-in-a-`str` (even on python 3) in a way that it turns out we
rely on to give consistent behaviour between python 2 and 3.
Turns out that the library does a better job of parsing URIs than our
reinvented wheel. Who knew.
There are two things going on here. The first is that, unlike
parse_server_name, URI.fromBytes will strip off square brackets from IPv6
literals, which means that it is valid input to ClientTLSOptionsFactory and
HostnameEndpoint.
The second is that we stay in `bytes` throughout (except for the argument to
ClientTLSOptionsFactory), which avoids the weirdness of (sometimes) ending up
with idna-encoded values being held in `unicode` variables. TBH it probably
would have been ok but it made the tests fragile.
The problem here is that we have cut-and-pasted an impl from Twisted, and then
failed to maintain it. It was fixed in Twisted in
https://github.com/twisted/twisted/pull/1047/files; let's do the same here.
